{"id":610,"date":"2022-10-27T10:32:23","date_gmt":"2022-10-27T06:32:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/?p=610"},"modified":"2022-12-09T00:37:15","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T20:37:15","slug":"nifret-nitqi-huquqi-siyasi-ve-medeni-aspektleri-huquqi-tenzimlenme-ile-bagli-beynelxalq-tecrube","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/2022\/10\/27\/nifret-nitqi-huquqi-siyasi-ve-medeni-aspektleri-huquqi-tenzimlenme-ile-bagli-beynelxalq-tecrube\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u0130FR\u018fT N\u0130TQ\u0130 – H\u00dcQUQ\u0130, S\u0130YAS\u0130 V\u018f\u00a0M\u018fD\u018fN\u0130 ASPEKTL\u018fR\u0130. H\u00dcQUQ\u0130 T\u018fNZ\u0130ML\u018fNM\u018f \u0130L\u018f\u00a0BA\u011eLI BEYN\u018fLXALQ T\u018fCR\u00dcB\u018f"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lal\u0259 \u018fKB\u018fROVA
\n<\/strong>AMEA H\u00fcquq v\u0259 \u0130nsan Haqlar\u0131 \u0130nstitutunun doktorant\u0131,
\n<\/em><\/strong>Milli M\u0259clisin \u0130nsan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 komit\u0259sinin eksperti
\n<\/em><\/strong>Bak\u0131, Az\u0259rbaycan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

E-mail: l.akbarova88@gmail.com<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

X\u00fclas\u0259.<\/strong> M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 \u201cnifr\u0259t nitqi\u201dnin h\u00fcquqi, siyasi, m\u0259d\u0259ni aspektl\u0259ri v\u0259 onun t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259 d\u00fcnya t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si t\u0259hlil edilir. Qeyd olunur ki, son ill\u0259rd\u0259 qanuni v\u0259 siyasi leksikona daxil olan nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri insan haqlar\u0131n\u0131, insan l\u0259yaq\u0259tini v\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259rliyini t\u0259hdid edir, sosial qruplar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 g\u0259rginliyi art\u0131r\u0131r, ictimai asayi\u015fi pozur v\u0259 dinc yana\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fama\u011f\u0131 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 alt\u0131na al\u0131r. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 bu sah\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq profilaktik v\u0259 cavab t\u0259dbirl\u0259rinin olmamas\u0131 \u00fcmumb\u0259\u015f\u0259ri d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 x\u0259l\u0259l g\u0259tirir.<\/p>\n

Son ill\u0259r nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u0259dqiqatlar nisb\u0259t\u0259n geni\u015f yay\u0131l\u0131b v\u0259 bir \u00e7ox elm sah\u0259l\u0259ri, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n h\u00fcquq, politologiya, dil\u00e7ilik, m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q, mediologiya v\u0259 s. problemin radikal t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rini \u00f6yr\u0259nir. Lakin buna baxmayaraq, nifr\u0259t nitqinin elmi termin kimi dol\u011fun t\u0259rifi formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 sosial mediada v\u0259 COVID-19 pandemiyas\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin artmas\u0131 t\u0259hlil edilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyadak\u0131 “nifr\u0259t h\u00fcququ” t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irildiyi zaman ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqind\u0259ki m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 paradoks v\u0259 ziddiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin bu sah\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fcsb\u0259t n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin \u0259ld\u0259 olunmas\u0131na mane oldu\u011fu qeyd olunur.<\/p>\n

T\u0259dqiqatda\u00a0 Avropa Birliyi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri, AB\u015e, Yaponiya v\u0259 dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olan t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259rin m\u00fcqayis\u0259si \u0259sas\u0131nda nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 konkret t\u0259tbiq oluna bil\u0259n qanunvericilik n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259hlil edilir. Az\u0259rbaycanda bu praktikan\u0131n t\u0259tbiqinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259llifin q\u0259na\u0259tl\u0259ri t\u0259qdim edilir.<\/p>\n

Sonda nifr\u0259t nitqinin \u00fcmumi q\u0259bulunu yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131rmaq, nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00f6vcud standartlar\u0131 t\u0259kmill\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 t\u0259dbir g\u00f6rm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qanuni m\u00fcdd\u0259alara ehtiyac oldu\u011fu vur\u011fulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7ar s\u00f6zl\u0259r:<\/strong> nifr\u0259t nitqi, h\u00fcquqi, siyasi, m\u0259d\u0259ni aspektl\u0259r, sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri v\u0259 onlar\u0131n t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259si, d\u00fcnya t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si, Avropa Birliyi, AB\u015e, Yaponiya, Az\u0259rbaycan<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u015eidd\u0259t-aqressivlik v\u0259 ekstremizm yaranandan b\u0259ri c\u0259miyy\u0259t v\u0259 insan h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz hiss\u0259si olmu\u015fdur. \u015eidd\u0259tin s\u0259b\u0259bi, mahiyy\u0259ti, t\u0259zah\u00fcr\u00fc v\u0259 aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif elm sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 – psixologya, pedaqogika, sosiologiya, politologiya v\u0259 s. istiqam\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259dqiqatlar apar\u0131l\u0131b. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, XXI y\u00fczillikd\u0259 \u015fidd\u0259t v\u0259 nifr\u0259t t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259ri n\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 insanlar aras\u0131nda, n\u0259 d\u0259 ki d\u00fcnyada d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r aras\u0131nda n\u0259inki aradan qald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131b, h\u0259tta daha da art\u0131b.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcasir d\u00fcnyada dini, irqi, etnik v\u0259 milli amill\u0259r, d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fcn m\u00fcxt\u0259lif formalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259zah\u00fcr\u00fc, fanatizm, dini z\u0259mind\u0259 silahl\u0131 toqqu\u015fmalar b\u0259zi b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ki ictimai-siyasi v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti\u00a0 v\u0259 inki\u015faf meyill\u0259rini b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirir.<\/p>\n

Terrorizmin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif n\u00f6vl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259, mill\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 v\u0259 konfessiyalararas\u0131 m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin davam etm\u0259si, \u00f6lk\u0259nin t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyin\u0259 birba\u015fa t\u0259hdid olan milli v\u0259 dini ekstremizmin artmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r Az\u0259rbaycan kimi polietnik v\u0259 \u00e7oxkonfessiyal\u0131 bir \u00e7ox d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn x\u00fcsusi aktuall\u0131q k\u0259sb edir. M\u00fcasir d\u00f6vrd\u0259 xarici m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n y\u00f6n\u0259ldil\u0259n separat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q, ksenofobiya, fanatizm v\u0259 fundamentalizm kimi ziyanl\u0131 t\u0259liml\u0259rin yay\u0131lmas\u0131na d\u0259st\u0259k verilm\u0259si a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n

Terrorun miqyas\u0131, d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 xarakteri ona qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 sistemini inki\u015faf etdirm\u0259yi, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin s\u0259yl\u0259rini uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli perspektivd\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirm\u0259yi z\u0259ruri edir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Apar\u0131lan sosioloji t\u0259dqiqatlar, ictimai r\u0259y sor\u011fular\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 edil\u0259n m\u0259lumatlar g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, prinsip etibaril\u0259 insanlar\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti \u015fidd\u0259t v\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 t\u0259qdir etm\u0259s\u0259 d\u0259, bir \u00e7ox hallarda emosional-psixoloji s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259ri \u0259sas g\u0259tir\u0259r\u0259k bel\u0259 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 edirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

Bir \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 insanlar (y\u00fczd\u0259 33-42 %-\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r) h\u0259yat\u0131nda tez-tez aqressiv h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r etdiyini, ictimai norma v\u0259 qaydalar\u0131, ziddiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri ayd\u0131n ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fs\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259, eyni zamanda s\u00f6z\u00fcged\u0259n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t\u0259 m\u0259cbur olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 yaxud bunu m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 cavab kimi etm\u0259k h\u00fcquqlar\u0131na sahib olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 bildiribl\u0259r [34; 35].<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u015eidd\u0259t-aqressiya v\u0259 nifr\u0259t, motivasiyas\u0131z t\u0259cav\u00fcz hallar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259viyy\u0259si tarix\u0259n ba\u015fqa mill\u0259tl\u0259rin-\u00f6zg\u0259l\u0259rin n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 daha y\u00fcks\u0259k olub. T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil ki, m\u0259hz bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n d\u0259 tarix\u0259n etno-siyasi m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259r, siyasi ekstremizm v\u0259 ksenofobiya, mill\u0259t\u00e7ilik, \u015fovinizm, antisemitizm, nifr\u0259tin \u0259n a\u011f\u0131r formalar\u0131ndan olan soyq\u0131r\u0131m, etnik t\u0259mizl\u0259m\u0259, terror\u00e7uluq siyas\u0259tinin t\u0259r\u0259fdarlar\u0131 h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 sui-istifad\u0259 edirl\u0259r. Sad\u0259c\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131durmalar deyil, \u015fidd\u0259tin t\u0259\u015fkilatlanm\u0131\u015f t\u0259bli\u011fi, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 onlarla h\u0259rbil\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015f ekstremist, terror\u00e7u v\u0259 s. t\u0259\u015fkilatlar f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir, etnik, dini v\u0259 sosial \u00e7\u0259ki\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rin t\u0259bli\u011f olundu\u011fu y\u00fczl\u0259rl\u0259 \u00e7ap m\u0259hsulu – q\u0259zet, kitab, bro\u015fura n\u0259\u015fr olunur, abid\u0259l\u0259r ucald\u0131l\u0131r. Bir \u00e7ox Q\u0259rb \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 islam dininin m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s kitab\u0131 – Quran\u0131n yand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hallar\u0131 vaxta\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015f verib [31]. Yaxud Fransada \u201cCharlie Hebdo\u201d jurnal\u0131n\u0131n M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d pey\u011f\u0259mb\u0259rin karikaturalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259rc etm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ba\u015f ver\u0259n prosesl\u0259r d\u0259 m\u0259lumdur [3]. AB\u015e-da qarad\u0259rili C.Floydun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc il\u0259 ba\u015flayan etiraz aksiyalar\u0131, yaxud pandemiya d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 bir \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7inli v\u0259 asiyal\u0131lara qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t \u0259sasl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar da misal olaraq g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259 bil\u0259r [4].<\/p>\n

Haz\u0131rk\u0131 informasiya-kommunikasiya texnologiyalar\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf etdiyi \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259 internetd\u0259 insanlar\u0131n aqressiv davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n daha da artmas\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilir.<\/p>\n

M\u0259qs\u0259dy\u00f6nl\u00fc zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u0259tbiq edilm\u0259sin\u0259 haqq qazand\u0131rmaq, qanuni se\u00e7ilmi\u015f h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259ri devirm\u0259k v\u0259 s. \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn pozucu f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259r, psixoloji t\u0259liml\u0259r h\u0259m onlayn, h\u0259m d\u0259 oflayn virtual m\u0259kanda apar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sosioloqlar\u0131n fikrinc\u0259, getdikc\u0259 milli \u015fovinizm ideologiyas\u0131 t\u0259kc\u0259 \u0259halinin bir hiss\u0259si deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t aparat\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259ri, h\u0259rbi qulluq\u00e7ular v\u0259 h\u00fcquq-m\u00fchafiz\u0259 orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259m\u0259kda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda d\u0259st\u0259k tap\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Nifr\u0259t nitqi, nifr\u0259t dili: <\/strong>anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n m\u0259zmunu v\u0259 m\u0259nas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00a0Nifr\u0259t dili\/nitqi n\u0259dir? Nifr\u0259t nitqi emosional-duy\u011fusal y\u00fckl\u00fc bir anlay\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Beyn\u0259lxalq insan haqlar\u0131 h\u00fcququnda bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f t\u0259rif yoxdur. Bir \u00e7oxlar\u0131 hesab edir ki, yaln\u0131z insan nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman onunla ba\u011fl\u0131 fikir y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u0259yin m\u00fcmk\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yl\u0259yir, amma bunun meyarlar\u0131 \u00e7ox vaxt qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n v\u0259 ya ziddiyy\u0259tlidir [41].<\/p>\n

    Kembric l\u00fc\u011f\u0259tind\u0259 bununla ba\u011fl\u0131 qeyd olunur: \u201cNifr\u0259t nitqi – irqi, dini, cinsi v\u0259 ya cinsi oriyentasiya amill\u0259ri \u0259sas\u0131nda insana v\u0259 ya insan qruplar\u0131na nifr\u0259t ifad\u0259 ed\u0259n v\u0259 ya \u015fidd\u0259ti t\u0259\u015fviq ed\u0259n k\u00fctl\u0259vi nitql\u0259r, \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015flard\u0131r\u201d [13].<\/p>\n

    Dig\u0259r qisim t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lara g\u00f6r\u0259, “nifr\u0259t\u0259 t\u0259hrik etm\u0259” – \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir \u015f\u0259xs\u0259 v\u0259 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r qrupuna qar\u015f\u0131 irq, milli m\u0259n\u015f\u0259, cins, fiziki q\u00fcsur, din v\u0259 ya cinsi oriyentasiya kimi qrupa xas olan x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyi v\u0259 ya nifr\u0259ti ifad\u0259 edir\u201d [1, s.1277-1279].<\/p>\n

    D\u00fcnya humanitar elml\u0259rind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin t\u0259dqiqi XX \u0259srin ortalar\u0131nda elmin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 eyni vaxtda ba\u015flad\u0131. Bel\u0259 ki, 1954-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn inqilabi \u201cQ\u0259r\u0259zin t\u0259bi\u0259ti\u201d kitab\u0131nda amerikan psixoloqu Q.Olport t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n verbal \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcifad\u0259 kimi t\u0259qdim olunan \u201cz\u0259r\u0259rsizl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259\u201d \u2013 m\u00fcasir d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u201cnifr\u0259t nitqi\u201d adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ifad\u0259ni ilk d\u0259f\u0259 dil\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259r\u0259k diskriminasiya ed\u0259n qrupun fiziki \u015fidd\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olacaq ilk add\u0131m kimi qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilmi\u015fdir [2, s.14-15].<\/p>\n

    Elmi t\u0259dqiqatlarda \u201cHate speech\u201d fenomeni nisb\u0259t\u0259n geni\u015f \u0259hat\u0259 dair\u0259sin\u0259 son iki onillikd\u0259 \u00e7atm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r: haz\u0131rda nifr\u0259t dilin\u0259 politoloqlar, h\u00fcquq m\u00fcdafi\u0259\u00e7il\u0259ri, linqvistl\u0259r v\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n h\u0259r bir t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n dig\u0259r humanitar elm n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259ri m\u00fcraci\u0259t edirl\u0259r. Ayd\u0131nd\u0131r ki, onun yaranmas\u0131ndak\u0131 \u00e7\u0259tinlik fenomenin kompleks, dissiplinl\u0259raras\u0131 yana\u015fma fonunda ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259b edir.<\/p>\n

    Misal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn macar linqvist D.Boromi\u015f-Haba\u015finin t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131nda \u201cnifr\u0259t dili\u201d m\u0259d\u0259ni yana\u015fma kontekstind\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r [5, s.44]. Lakin amerikan h\u00fcquq\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131 K.U.Sandersin \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259d\u0259bsizlik v\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi aras\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259 izl\u0259nilir: m\u00fc\u0259llif \u0259d\u0259bsiz xarakterin t\u0259sviri il\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131b nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xaran deqradasiyan\u0131n h\u00fcquqi trayektoriyas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259rtib edir [39, s.91].<\/p>\n

    D\u00fcnyadak\u0131 aliml\u0259rin ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131nda nifr\u0259t nitqind\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259yin z\u0259r\u0259rli n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 diqq\u0259t \u00e7\u0259kilir. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif demokratik \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqini t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qanunvericilik t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri Avropa v\u0259 Amerika t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 yer al\u0131r [32, s.201].<\/p>\n

    Nifr\u0259t nitqinin nitq h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259si bir \u00e7ox linqvistik v\u0259 h\u00fcquqi \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 vur\u011fulanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r [10].<\/p>\n

    B\u0259zi t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar nifr\u0259t nitqinin bir sosial fenomen kimi ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n\u0259mli say\u0131r,\u00a0 K\u0130V-l\u0259rd\u0259ki nifr\u0259t manifestasiyas\u0131n\u0131 etnik, dini v\u0259 dig\u0259r sosial m\u0259nsublu\u011fa g\u00f6r\u0259 t\u0259snifl\u0259\u015fdirirl\u0259r. Hesab edilir ki, nifr\u0259t \u0259halinin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etnik qruplara qar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyinin verbal hala g\u0259tirilm\u0259sidir. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, K\u0130V-l\u0259rd\u0259 media v\u0259 jurnalistl\u0259rin f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin t\u0259hlili t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n diqq\u0259t m\u0259rk\u0259zind\u0259dir. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, media m\u0259tnl\u0259rind\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyin nitqd\u0259 t\u0259zah\u00fcr\u00fc il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 \u0259sas strategiya v\u0259 taktikalar t\u0259svir edirl\u0131r. Jurnalistl\u0259rin sosial m\u0259suliyy\u0259tinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015f t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si vacib hesab edilir.<\/p>\n

    B\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259, haz\u0131rda nifr\u0259t nitqi h\u00fcquq, linqvistika, media v\u0259 s. sah\u0259l\u0259r \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sini a\u015faraq, siyas\u0259t, d\u00f6vl\u0259t idar\u0259\u00e7iliyi v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r kimi sosial sistemin \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7evrilib.<\/p>\n

    H\u0259r hans\u0131 dig\u0259r sosial fenomen kimi \u201cnifr\u0259t nitqi\u201d d\u0259 bir t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n meydana \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131 v\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r\u0259 malikdir, dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n d\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131 \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirir. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u201c1990-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 Amerikadak\u0131 bir s\u0131ra t\u0259hsil m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131lmas\u0131 c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259ki m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n h\u00fcquqi, siyasi v\u0259 sosial prosesl\u0259rin m\u00fczakir\u0259sini canland\u0131r\u0131b. S.Qo\u015f yaz\u0131r ki, C\u0259nubi Asiyada son iyirmi ild\u0259 f\u0259rdi dini v\u0259 ya etnik toplumlara v\u0259h\u015fic\u0259sin\u0259 z\u00fclm ed\u0259n sa\u011f\u00e7\u0131 h\u0259r\u0259katlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131 il\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin qanuni t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fcbahis\u0259l\u0259r meydana \u00e7\u0131x\u0131b.<\/p>\n

    J.Ualdron nifr\u0259t nitqind\u0259n istifad\u0259nin yaln\u0131z ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259 v\u0259 \u015fidd\u0259t\u0259 yol a\u00e7d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 deyil, eyni zamanda c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 real kabuslar yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 qeyd edir. O, nifr\u0259t nitqini sosial m\u00fchit\u0259 ekoloji t\u0259hdid yaradan, t\u0259dric\u0259n t\u0259sir ed\u0259n bir z\u0259h\u0259r kimi t\u0259svir ed\u0259r\u0259k n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259tta c\u0259miyy\u0259tin xo\u015fm\u0259raml\u0131 \u00fczvl\u0259rini bel\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin rifah\u0131na d\u0259st\u0259k olmaqda mane\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259d\u0259c\u0259k bir element kimi q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 verir [44, s. 4].<\/p>\n

    \u00dcmumi q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, nifr\u0259t nitqinin sosial bax\u0131mdan t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li bir fenomen kimi \u00f6yr\u0259nilm\u0259sin\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck ehtiyac var. Bel\u0259 ki, bu aspektl\u0259r yaln\u0131z h\u00fcquq elminin maraq dair\u0259si il\u0259 yekunla\u015fm\u0131r. Qanunvericilikl\u0259 insan nitqi v\u0259 onun f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti, d\u00fcnyag\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, bax\u0131\u015flar\u0131, m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti, \u0259xlaq\u0131 v\u0259 s. aras\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259, ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259, nitq fenomeninin nisbi m\u00fcst\u0259qillikl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, bir \u00e7ox x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin v\u0259hd\u0259tini ifad\u0259 etm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Nifr\u0259t nitqinin sosial bir fenomen olmas\u0131 onun n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rinin ikiqat z\u0259r\u0259r verm\u0259si il\u0259 a\u015fkara \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Bu z\u0259r\u0259r, birincisi, \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 qruplara qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u0259ldilib, psixoloji v\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259vi ziyan vurur. \u0130kincisi, b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259, onun sosial v\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259vi qurulu\u015funa qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u0259lm\u0259kl\u0259 sabitliyin, birg\u0259ya\u015fam\u0131n \u0259saslar\u0131n\u0131 sars\u0131da bilir [37, s.200].<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Nifr\u0259t dili\/nitqi nec\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n<\/strong>edilir? \u0130fad\u0259 h\u00fcququ v\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi\u00a0 <\/strong>aras\u0131ndak\u0131 k\u00f6vr\u0259k s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259r<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      BMT-nin ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 x\u00fcsusi m\u0259ruz\u0259\u00e7isi Devid Key nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndak\u0131 nisb\u0259tl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 yaz\u0131r: \u201cBeyn\u0259lxalq insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 sah\u0259sind\u0259 qanunlar\u0131 diqq\u0259tl\u0259 t\u0259hlil ets\u0259k, ilk bax\u0131\u015fda bir-birin\u0259 \u0259ks, paradoksal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ri \u0259ks etdiyini g\u00f6r\u0259rik: Qanunlar bir t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fcququnu t\u0259min edir v\u0259 bu h\u00fcquq ciddi qorunur. Eyni zamanda, dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilikd\u0259n v\u0259 \u015fidd\u0259td\u0259n azad olmaq, ictimai h\u0259yatda i\u015ftirak etm\u0259k h\u00fcququ m\u00f6vcuddur. B\u0259z\u0259n ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fcququnun dig\u0259r h\u00fcquqlara zidd oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, dilemma ortaya \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Problemin h\u0259lli beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00fcququn m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131nda m\u00f6vcuddur. Beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00fcquq \u015fidd\u0259t\u0259, ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259 v\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliy\u0259 t\u0259hrik ed\u0259n milli, irqi v\u0259 ya dini nifr\u0259tin t\u0259bli\u011finin qanunla qada\u011fan oldu\u011funu bildirir.” Bu c\u00fcr hadis\u0259l\u0259r cinay\u0259t t\u0259qibin\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalmasa da, a\u015fkar \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 onlar\u0131n qanunsuzluqlar\u0131na d\u0259lal\u0259t edir. Nifr\u0259t nitqinin qanuni bir t\u0259rifi h\u0259l\u0259lik m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilm\u0259yib. Bu, bir konsepsiya kimi g\u00fcnd\u0259lik h\u0259yata daxil olub. Ayd\u0131n olan odur ki, nifr\u0259t nitqi m\u0259hdud olmal\u0131d\u0131r v\u0259 bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn meyarlar var. Bu c\u00fcr ifad\u0259l\u0259r dig\u0259rl\u0259ri kimi t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259lidir, y\u0259ni h\u00f6kum\u0259t t\u0259tbiq olunan m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin z\u0259ruri, qanuni oldu\u011funu, y\u0259ni a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tin t\u0259tbiq etm\u0259sin\u0259 icaz\u0259 verm\u0259m\u0259sini, onun t\u0259qdirini v\u0259 istifad\u0259sinin haql\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00fcbut etm\u0259lidir [28].<\/p>\n

      Avropa \u015euras\u0131 Nazirl\u0259r Kabinetinin R (97) 20 sayl\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, nifr\u0259t nitqi \u2013 kesonofobiya, antisemitizm, t\u0259hrik etm\u0259, stimulla\u015fd\u0131rma, yaxud nifr\u0259tin dig\u0259r t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 kimi \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcifad\u0259 formalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00f6vl\u0259ri, eyni zamanda aqqressiv milliyy\u0259t\u00e7ilik, etnosentrizm, azl\u0131qlara, miqrantlara v\u0259 emiqrantlara qar\u015f\u0131 diskriminasiya kimi izah edilir. Dzyalo\u015finskinin qeyd etdiyi kimi, “nifr\u0259t nitqi” ifad\u0259si “nitq t\u0259cav\u00fcz\u00fc” konsepsiyas\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259cazi bir ekvivalentidir v\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n t\u0259cav\u00fczkar v\u0259ziyy\u0259tind\u0259n ir\u0259li g\u0259l\u0259n spesifik nitq davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 formas\u0131n\u0131 bildirir [46, s.63].<\/p>\n

      \u201c\u0410R\u0422\u0130CLE 19\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 d\u00fcnyada ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259rliyin qorunmas\u0131 istiqam\u0259tind\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir [17]. T\u0259\u015fkilat nifr\u0259t nitqi sah\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259 vaxta\u015f\u0131r\u0131 t\u0259limatlar haz\u0131rlay\u0131r. Bu c\u00fcr t\u0259limatlar\u0131n birind\u0259 \u201cART\u0130CLE 19\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 “nifr\u0259t nitqi\/nifr\u0259t dili” ifad\u0259sinin definisiyas\u0131, m\u0259nas\u0131 v\u0259 bel\u0259 hallara qar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fcquqi qanunverici \u0259saslarla s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n b\u0259zi m\u0259qamlar\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u0259limat t\u0259qdim edib.<\/p>\n

      Haz\u0131rk\u0131 d\u00f6vr \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu sah\u0259d\u0259 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xan suallar bel\u0259 t\u0259snifl\u0259\u015fdirilir:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. M\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 z\u0259ruri olan “nifr\u0259t dili”ni nec\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k, onu nec\u0259 ay\u0131rd etm\u0259k olar? <\/em><\/li>\n
      2. Nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n n\u0259 kimi t\u0259dbirl\u0259r g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr?<\/em><\/li>\n
      3. Nifr\u0259t nitqi hans\u0131 kateqoriyalar v\u0259 hans\u0131 \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rl\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qada\u011fan edilm\u0259lidir?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u018fvv\u0259la, qeyd edilm\u0259lidir ki, beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00fcquqda nifr\u0259t nitqinin \u00fcmum\u0259n q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f vahid t\u0259rifi yoxdur. Daha do\u011frusu, h\u0259l\u0259lik geni\u015f ifad\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n \u00fcmumi bir anlay\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Bununla bel\u0259, insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 sah\u0259sind\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00fcquqi \u00f6hd\u0259likl\u0259rini r\u0259hb\u0259r tutaraq, \u015fidd\u0259t d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq nifr\u0259t nitqinin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif formalar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131maq v\u0259 ay\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir tipologiya t\u0259klif edir. O c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n, d\u00f6vl\u0259tin beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00fcquqa uy\u011fun olaraq qada\u011fan\u0131 t\u0259tbiq etm\u0259k m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 oldu\u011fu nifr\u0259t nitqinin \u0259n a\u015fkar formalar\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259sna hallar\u0131n bir qismi bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u00a0H\u0259m\u00e7inin, beyn\u0259lxalq qanunlara g\u00f6r\u0259, h\u0259r bir d\u00f6vl\u0259tin beyn\u0259lxalq \u00f6hd\u0259liyin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n nifr\u0259t nitqini m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131ra bil\u0259c\u0259yi hallar var. Buraya bu c\u00fcr qada\u011falardan sui-istifad\u0259 hallar\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq v\u0259 sanksiyalar t\u0259tbiq olunarsa, onlar\u0131n a\u011flabatan v\u0259 m\u00fct\u0259nasib olmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259kl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 “nifr\u0259t dili” qurbanlar\u0131na d\u0259st\u0259k v\u0259 t\u0259zminat t\u0259min etm\u0259k bar\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259limatlar daxildir.<\/p>\n

          Nifr\u0259t nitqinin n\u0259 oldu\u011funu ay\u0131rd etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 bir-biri il\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan iki h\u00fcququn vacibliyini ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r:<\/p>\n

          – ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131;<\/p>\n

          – b\u0259rab\u0259rlik h\u00fcququ [18].<\/p>\n

          \u00a0\u0130fad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fcququ \u00dcmumd\u00fcnya \u0130nsan Haqlar\u0131 B\u0259yannam\u0259sinin (\u00dc\u0130HB) 19-cu madd\u0259si il\u0259 t\u0259min edilmi\u015f v\u0259 insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259sas v\u0259 regional m\u00fcqavil\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qanuni olaraq q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f \u0259sas insan h\u00fcququdur. Do\u011frudur, \u00dc\u0130HB d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u0259cburi qanuni s\u0259n\u0259d deyil. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, onun bir \u00e7ox m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259bul edildiyi vaxtdan b\u0259ri adi beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00fcquq statusu ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcman edilir.<\/p>\n

          Beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00fcquq ham\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u0259rab\u0259rlik h\u00fcququnu v\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyin qada\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edib. \u0130nsan\u0131n \u015f\u0259r\u0259f v\u0259 l\u0259yaq\u0259tinin ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik qoyulmadan qorunmas\u0131 m\u0259hz nifr\u0259t dilinin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilm\u0259sind\u0259 a\u00e7ar rolunu oynaya bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0Nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri f\u0259rdi h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131, insan l\u0259yaq\u0259tini v\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259rliyini t\u0259hdid ed\u0259r\u0259k, sosial qruplar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 g\u0259rginliyi g\u00fccl\u0259ndir\u0259r\u0259k, ictimai bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 v\u0259 ictimai asayi\u015fi pozaraq v\u0259 dinc yana\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fama\u011f\u0131 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 alt\u0131na alaraq c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259ri z\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259yir. Sosial birliyi, h\u0259mr\u0259yliyi v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259t \u00fczvl\u0259ri aras\u0131ndak\u0131 inam\u0131 azald\u0131r. Nifr\u0259t nitqi he\u00e7 bir demokratiyan\u0131n m\u00f6vcud ola bilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yi rasional ictimai m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 mane\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259dir, bu qanunun aliliyin\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 yaradan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n sui-istifad\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Nifr\u0259t v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri son on ild\u0259 durmadan artmaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \u018fn arzuolunmaz hal odur ki, Avropa Birliyin\u0259 \u00fczv b\u0259zi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin siyas\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7evrilm\u0259si d\u00f6vl\u0259t idar\u0259\u00e7iliyinin \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xma\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131b.<\/p>\n

          He\u00e7 bir c\u0259miyy\u0259t nifr\u0259t t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 immunitet\u0259 malik deyil. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, nifr\u0259tin d\u0259rinl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si sosial m\u00fchit v\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k t\u0259dbirl\u0259rd\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130st\u0259r nitql\u0259, ist\u0259r h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259, ist\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tsizlikl\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259tin reaksiyas\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n sosial normalar yarad\u0131r v\u0259 m\u00f6vcud standartlar bar\u0259d\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259ti m\u0259lumatland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          Son akademik \u0259d\u0259biyyata g\u00f6r\u0259, nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u0259ks-nitq (counter speech) irq\u00e7ilik v\u0259 dig\u0259r d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fckl\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 \u00e7ox vacibdir. \u018fks nitq-\u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259lidir, t\u0259hsil, m\u0259lumatland\u0131rma v\u0259 iqtisadi b\u0259rab\u0259rsizlikl\u0259ri aradan qald\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn sosial proqramlar\u0131n realla\u015fmas\u0131, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn institusional sistemin g\u00fccl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si z\u0259ruri hesab edilir.<\/p>\n

          3.Nifr\u0259t dili beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00fcquq, <\/strong>normativ aktlar v\u0259 s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rd\u0259<\/strong><\/p>\n

          H\u0259r il iyulun 22-d\u0259 \u201cAvropa Nifr\u0259t Cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri v\u0259 Qurbanlar\u0131 G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d qeyd edilir. AT\u018fT-in Demokratik T\u0259sisatlar v\u0259 \u0130nsan H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 B\u00fcrosu (DT\u0130HB) 2008-ci ild\u0259 \u201cNifr\u0259t Cinay\u0259t Qanunlar\u0131\/Praktiki R\u0259hb\u0259r prinsipl\u0259r\u201dadl\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259d haz\u0131rlay\u0131b. S\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycandan Ba\u015f Prokurorluq t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri i\u015ftirak edib. S\u0259n\u0259dd\u0259 problem kimi cavab axtar\u0131lan \u0259sas suallardan biri budur: Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri: yeni cinay\u0259t n\u00f6v\u00fc, yoxsa m\u00f6vcud c\u0259zalar\u0131n daha da s\u0259rtl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sidir? \u00dcmumilikd\u0259, DT\u0130HB nifr\u0259t qanunvericiliyinin i\u015fl\u0259k olmas\u0131 v\u0259 c\u0259zan\u0131n \u0259dal\u0259tli v\u0259 adekvatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 probleminin h\u0259llin\u0259 nail olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259sas suallara cavab verilm\u0259sini vacib hesab edir. Bel\u0259 ki, zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f olmayan nifr\u0259t nitql\u0259rinin qada\u011fan olunmas\u0131 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fcququ il\u0259 \u201ctoqqu\u015fa\u201d bil\u0259r. R\u0259hb\u0259r prinsipl\u0259rd\u0259 nifr\u0259t qaninvericiliyind\u0259 h\u0259lledici olan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 5 strateji sual ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr:<\/p>\n

          Strateji sual 1: Qanunda yeni\u00a0 cinay\u0259t n\u00f6v\u00fc m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilm\u0259lidir, yoxsa m\u00f6vcud cinay\u0259t n\u00f6vl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 daha s\u0259rt c\u0259zalar\u0131n verilm\u0259si kifay\u0259tdir?<\/p>\n

          Strateji sual 2: Qanuna hans\u0131 qorunmal\u0131 olan x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259r daxil edilm\u0259lidir?<\/p>\n

          Strateji sual 3: Qanunda cinay\u0259tin motivi nec\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259lidir?<\/p>\n

          Strateji sual\u0131 4: Qurban\u0131n kimliyi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259t, aidiyy\u0259t v\u0259 yanl\u0131\u015f anlama m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri nec\u0259 h\u0259ll edilm\u0259lidir?<\/p>\n

          Strateji sual 5: Hans\u0131 motivl\u0259rin s\u00fcbutu t\u0259l\u0259b olunur v\u0259 z\u0259ruri motivasiya d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259si n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259rdir? [47].<\/p>\n

          Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir sosial qrupa qar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fckd\u0259n qaynaqlanan cinay\u0259t n\u00f6v\u00fcdir. Bu c\u00fcr cinay\u0259tl\u0259r konkret bir \u015f\u0259xs\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 deyil, b\u00fct\u00fcn sosial qrupa qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u0259ldilm\u0259si il\u0259 xarakteriz\u0259 olunur. Q\u0259rb \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 sa\u011f\u00e7\u0131 v\u0259 sol\u00e7u populizm v\u0259 ekstremizmin artmas\u0131n\u0131n trend\u0259 \u00e7evrilm\u0259si fonunda nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 qanunlar, bir \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 irq\u00e7i v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r q\u0259r\u0259zli motivl\u0259rl\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259dil\u0259n cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri daha s\u0259rt t\u0259nziml\u0259y\u0259n qanunlar haqq\u0131nda uzun ill\u0259rdir m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259r apar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          Son ill\u0259r qanunun aliliyi, demokratiya v\u0259 t\u0259m\u0259l h\u00fcquqlardan ibar\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckd\u0259 d\u00fcnya s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259ki t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl prosesl\u0259ri ba\u015f verir. Paralel olaraq d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259ki nifr\u0259ti aradan qald\u0131rmaqda h\u0259l\u0259lik n\u0259inki u\u011fursuz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, h\u0259m\u00e7inin buna t\u0259hrik ed\u0259n m\u00fchiti d\u0259 formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r. BMT-nin X\u00fcsusi m\u0259ruz\u0259\u00e7isinin qeyd etdiyi kimi, m\u00fcasir irq\u00e7ilik, irqi ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik, ksenofobiya, siyasi ritorika, x\u00fcsus\u0259n mill\u0259t\u00e7i populist ideologiyalar ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik v\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fc art\u0131raraq b\u0259rab\u0259rlikl\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259hdid yarad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          2019-cu ilin may\u0131nda Avropa Parlamentin\u0259 (AP) se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l AP-nin \u00fczvl\u0259ri Avropadak\u0131 neofa\u015fist zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dair bir q\u0259rar q\u0259bul edilm\u0259sin\u0259 ehtiyac duydular. M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 \u201csiyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259murlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 nifr\u0259t v\u0259 \u015fidd\u0259ti birba\u015fa normalla\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131qlar\u0131 v\u0259 g\u00fccl\u0259ndirdikl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn nifr\u0259t nitql\u0259rini q\u0131nad\u0131.<\/p>\n

          \u0130nsan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131, cinay\u0259t v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259t aras\u0131ndak\u0131 h\u00fcdudlarda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sini h\u0259ll etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox\u015fax\u0259li t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259 v\u0259 ortaq bir m\u0259suliyy\u0259tin formala\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6n\u0259mlidir.<\/p>\n

          Beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00fcquq nifr\u0259tin sosial fenomen olaraq qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 v\u0259 aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259limatlar verir. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li m\u00fcbariz\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259rinin h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin \u00f6z \u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259dir. Milli d\u00f6vl\u0259t s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 bu m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7atmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u00fcc strukturlar\u0131 – polis, prokurorluq, m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259, z\u0259r\u0259r\u00e7\u0259kmi\u015fl\u0259r, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ehtiyac yaran\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          M\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir sosial qrupun n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 verbalizasiya v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyin t\u0259zah\u00fcr\u00fc il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 beyn\u0259lxalq birliyin m\u00f6vqeyi nifr\u0259t nitqinin istifad\u0259sini m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131rma\u011fa y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015f beyn\u0259lxalq m\u00fcqavil\u0259l\u0259rin q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si il\u0259 t\u0259sdiql\u0259nir.<\/p>\n

          Milli \u201cnifr\u0259t qanunvericiliyinin\u201d, aktlar\u0131 v\u0259 normalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259tbiqinin m\u0259qs\u0259di \u00fcmumi q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n z\u0259r\u0259r \u00e7\u0259k\u0259nl\u0259rin minimum v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rti nisbi xarakterli qorunmas\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259min edilm\u0259sidir.<\/p>\n

          T\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bu sah\u0259d\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131 c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 ciddi qar\u015f\u0131durma probleml\u0259rinin h\u0259llind\u0259 cinay\u0259t qanunvericiliyinin m\u00fcsb\u0259t t\u0259sirini vur\u011fulay\u0131r [40].<\/p>\n

          M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 \u00fcmumi bax\u0131\u015f, h\u0259m d\u0259 bel\u0259 bir m\u0259qam\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0259xar\u0131r ki, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri qanunlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 ya m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin demokratiya v\u0259 qanunun aliliyi bax\u0131m\u0131ndan m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir yetkinlik s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7atmas\u0131 laz\u0131m g\u0259lir. B\u00fct\u00fcn hallarda ilk vacib m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 qanun yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n faydas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259rk edilm\u0259sidir. Sosial g\u0259rginliyi h\u0259ll etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn cinay\u0259tkarl\u0131qla ba\u011fl\u0131 qanunvericilikd\u0259 Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259sinin d\u0259yi\u015fdirilm\u0259si sosioloji, iqtisadi v\u0259 tarixi amill\u0259ri aradan qald\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259sirli add\u0131mlar atmaqdan daha ucuz, daha sad\u0259 v\u0259 daha s\u00fcr\u0259tli ba\u015fa g\u0259lir. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rinin t\u0259snifl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259r yarad\u0131r. Azl\u0131qlar adlanan kateqoriyalar\u0131 qorumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qanunvericilik t\u0259l\u0259b olunur. Bu da hakimiyy\u0259t qollar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l qanunlar haz\u0131rlaya bil\u0259c\u0259yini \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Onlar xalq d\u0259st\u0259yini itirm\u0259k qorxusundan problemi azalda bil\u0259r, g\u00fcc m\u0259nas\u0131nda \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tin v\u0259 azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n qorunmas\u0131n\u0131n b\u0259rab\u0259rl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sind\u0259 israr ed\u0259 v\u0259 ya eyni s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259n qorunan qruplar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131q bir siyah\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlaya bil\u0259rl\u0259r. M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259rinin t\u0259dqiqi onu g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, yetkinl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f demokratiyan\u0131n formala\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 qanunverici orqanlar populyar olmayan sosial qruplar\u0131n qorunmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn a\u011flabatan h\u0259ll yollar\u0131 haz\u0131rlama\u011fa h\u0259v\u0259sli deyil.<\/p>\n

          Burada dig\u0259r m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 sisteminin m\u0259suliyy\u0259tinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bel\u0259 ki, bir \u00e7ox v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259, ist\u0259nil\u0259n m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 q\u0259rarlar\u0131 g\u00fcnahkarlar\u0131n c\u0259zas\u0131z qalmas\u0131 il\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259n\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

          \u018fdal\u0259t sistemi daxilind\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rini he\u00e7 olmasa minimum d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 q\u0259bul etm\u0259y\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 sistemi h\u00fcquq\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131n s\u0259hvl\u0259rini aradan qald\u0131rmaq kimi korrektl\u0259\u015fdirici funksiyas\u0131ndan istifad\u0259 ed\u0259 bilmir.<\/p>\n

          Radikalla\u015fma, irq\u00e7ilik, ksenofobiya, antisemitizm, \u00e7ox\u015fax\u0259li fobiyalar\u0131n ba\u015f verdiyi c\u0259myy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 qanunlar ya istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259mi\u015f qala, ya da \u0259ks n\u0259tic\u0259 ver\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

          Birinci ssenarinin \u0259ks effekti odur ki, tarix\u0259n qeyri-populyar say\u0131lan m\u0259zlum v\u0259 h\u0259ssas qruplara simvolik himay\u0259darl\u0131q etm\u0259k \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259, d\u00f6vl\u0259t irq\u00e7iliyin g\u00fcnd\u0259lik m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funu etiraf etmir, antisemitizm, ksenofobiya, dini d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck v\u0259 homofobiya qurbanlar\u0131n t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259rini\u00a0 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tsiz hesab edir, yaxud da g\u00f6rm\u0259zd\u0259n g\u0259lir. Buna misal olaraq, faktiki nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rinin yaln\u0131z ki\u00e7ik bir hiss\u0259sini \u0259ks etdir\u0259n, sosial fenomen kimi nifr\u0259t dilinin m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funu t\u0259hrif ed\u0259n\u00a0 statistikaya n\u0259z\u0259r salmaq kifay\u0259tdir. \u0130kinci ssenari daha arzuolunmazd\u0131r. Bel\u0259 ki, bu halda m\u0259hz m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259r ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 qorumal\u0131 oldu\u011fu qruplara qar\u015f\u0131 qanunun aliliyi, b\u0259rab\u0259rlik v\u0259 insan l\u0259yaq\u0259ti kimi \u0259sas d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ri inkar ed\u0259n qruplar\u0131n lehin\u0259 h\u00f6km \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r. H\u00fcquqlardan sui-istifad\u0259 il\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259n\u0259 bil\u0259n m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 q\u0259rarlar\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259m\u0259l d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 h\u00fccum ed\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 r\u0259\u011fb\u0259tl\u0259 yana\u015fa\u015f\u0131r (\u0130nsan H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 Avropa Konvensiyas\u0131n\u0131n 17-ci b\u0259ndi).<\/p>\n

          B\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259, aidiyy\u0259ti qurumlar, s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li prosedurlar v\u0259 insan haqlar\u0131na uy\u011fun sosial m\u00fchit nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 effektiv m\u00fcbariz\u0259nin realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn son d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 vacibdir. Bu is\u0259 yaln\u0131z nifr\u0259t dili il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 yuxar\u0131dak\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r yerin\u0259 yetirildikd\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 edil\u0259 bil\u0259r. Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259tbiqi v\u0259 c\u0259zan\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kimi \u201cke\u00e7mi\u015f, postfaktum\u201d cavablar m\u00fcxt\u0259liflik, tolerantl\u0131q v\u0259 \u015f\u0259ffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u0259\u015fviqi il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \u0130fad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fcququ \u00dcmumd\u00fcnya \u0130nsan Haqlar\u0131 B\u0259yannam\u0259sinin 19-cu madd\u0259sind\u0259 t\u0259sbit edilmi\u015fdir: \u201cH\u0259r k\u0259sin fikir v\u0259 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r; bu h\u00fcquqa he\u00e7 bir mane\u0259 olmadan inanc\u0131n\u0131 davam etdirm\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir vasit\u0259 il\u0259 m\u0259lumat v\u0259 fikir axtarma, \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259 v\u0259 yayma azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daxildir\u201d. 1966-c\u0131 ild\u0259 BMT-nin Ba\u015f Assambleyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f M\u00fclki v\u0259 Siyasi H\u00fcquqlara dair Beyn\u0259lxalq Pakt\u0131n 19-cu madd\u0259sind\u0259 qeyd olunur.<\/p>\n

          M\u0259lum oldu\u011fu kimi, Az\u0259rbaycan da daxil olmaqla, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif milli d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin\u00a0 konstitusiyalar\u0131nda m\u00fcvafiq madd\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq, beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00fcququn \u00fcmumi tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f prinsipl\u0259ri, normalar\u0131 v\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq m\u00fcqavil\u0259l\u0259r milli h\u00fcquq sisteminin ayr\u0131lmaz hiss\u0259si kimi t\u0259sbit edilir.<\/p>\n

          BMT Ba\u015f Assambleyas\u0131n\u0131n 21 dekabr 1965-ci il tarixli 2106 (XX) sayl\u0131 q\u0259rar\u0131 il\u0259 t\u0259sdiq edilmi\u015f \u201c\u0130rqi ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyin b\u00fct\u00fcn formalar\u0131n\u0131n aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na dair Beyn\u0259lxalq Konvensiya\u201dn\u0131n 4-c\u00fc madd\u0259sind\u0259 qeyd olunur: \u201c\u00dczv d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r irqi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc t\u0259bli\u011f ed\u0259n v\u0259 ya nifr\u0259t\u0259 \u0259saslanan fikirl\u0259ri yaymaq, irqi ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyi t\u0259hrik etm\u0259k kimi ist\u0259nil\u0259n f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 qanunla cinay\u0259t hesab edir, eyni zamanda ist\u0259nil\u0259n irq\u0259 v\u0259 ya etnik m\u00fcxt\u0259lifliy\u0259 malik insanlar qrupuna qar\u015f\u0131 t\u0259cav\u00fcz v\u0259 irq\u00e7i f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259ri v\u0259 onlar\u0131n maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sini cinay\u0259t adland\u0131r\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, daha \u00fcmumi xarakterli bir \u00e7ox beyn\u0259lxalq akt, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, 16 dekabr 1966-c\u0131 il tarixli \u201cM\u00fclki v\u0259 Siyasi H\u00fcquqlara dair Beyn\u0259lxalq Pakt\u201d, 4 noyabr 1950-ci il tarixli \u201c\u0130nsan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259sas azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259si \u00fczr\u0259 Avropa Konvensiyas\u0131\u201d media azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elan ed\u0259r\u0259k, bu h\u00fcququn h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcvafiq m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir.<\/p>\n

          M\u00fclki v\u0259 Siyasi H\u00fcquqlara dair <\/strong>Beyn\u0259lxalq Pakt<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Madd\u0259 19.2. H\u0259r k\u0259sin \u00f6z fikrini s\u0259rb\u0259st ifad\u0259 etm\u0259k h\u00fcququ vard\u0131r; bu h\u00fcquqa d\u00f6vl\u0259t s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq \u015fifahi, yaz\u0131l\u0131 v\u0259 ya b\u0259dii ifad\u0259 yolu il\u0259 v\u0259 ya se\u00e7dikl\u0259ri dig\u0259r \u00fcsullarla h\u0259r c\u00fcr m\u0259lumat v\u0259 fikir axtarmaq, yaymaq v\u0259 yaymaq azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daxildir.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Bu madd\u0259nin 2-ci b\u0259ndind\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmu\u015f h\u00fcquqlardan istifad\u0259 x\u00fcsusi v\u0259zif\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, qanunla m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015f v\u0259 z\u0259ruri olan m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 m\u0259ruz qala bil\u0259r: a) ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131na v\u0259 n\u00fcfuzuna h\u00f6rm\u0259t etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, b) d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyinin, ictimai qaydan\u0131n, sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n v\u0259 ya \u0259halinin m\u0259n\u0259viyyat\u0131n\u0131n qorunmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Madd\u0259 20.1. M\u00fcharib\u0259 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 h\u0259r c\u00fcr t\u0259bli\u011fat qanunla qada\u011fan edilm\u0259lidir. 2. Ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259, d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliy\u0259 v\u0259 ya \u015fidd\u0259t\u0259 t\u0259hrik ed\u0259n milli, irqi v\u0259 ya dini nifr\u0259t lehin\u0259 h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f qanunla qada\u011fan edilm\u0259lidir.<\/p>\n

            Avropa \u0130nsan H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 v\u0259 <\/strong>\u018fsas Azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcdafi\u0259si\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00fczr\u0259 Konvensiya<\/strong><\/p>\n

            Madd\u0259 10. \u0130fad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131. 1. H\u0259r k\u0259sin fikirl\u0259rini s\u0259rb\u0259st ifad\u0259 etm\u0259k h\u00fcququ vard\u0131r. Bu h\u00fcquqa fikir s\u0259rb\u0259stliyi, d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq he\u00e7 bir m\u00fcdaxil\u0259 etm\u0259d\u0259n m\u0259lumat v\u0259 fikir almaq v\u0259 yaymaq azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daxildir. <…>.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. V\u0259zif\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131yan bu azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si nizams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n v\u0259 cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq, sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259xlaq\u0131 qorumaq, ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfuzunu v\u0259 ya h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131 qorumaq, gizlilikl\u0259 al\u0131nan m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131qlanmas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq v\u0259 ya m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tinin s\u0259lahiyy\u0259t v\u0259 q\u0259r\u0259zsizliyini t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qanunla m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015f v\u0259 demokratik bir c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 milli t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik, \u0259razi b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fcy\u00fc v\u0259 ya ictimai asayi\u015f bax\u0131m\u0131ndan z\u0259ruri olan b\u0259zi r\u0259smiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259, \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r\u0259, m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 ya sanksiyalara m\u0259ruz qala bil\u0259r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Avropa Birliyi d\u0259 \u00f6z n\u00f6vb\u0259sind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 add\u0131mlar at\u0131b. 1997-ci ild\u0259 Avropa \u015euras\u0131 Nazirl\u0259r Komit\u0259si, irq\u00e7ilik, ksenofobiya v\u0259 antisemitizmin yenid\u0259n canland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 qeyd ed\u0259r\u0259k, eyni zamanda ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n vacibliyini q\u0259bul ed\u0259r\u0259k, \u00fczv d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri g\u00f6rm\u0259l\u0259rini t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edib (T\u00f6vsiy\u0259, 1997). H\u00fcquq professoru A.Cesisin fikrinc\u0259, indiki m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik xarakterli b\u0259yanatlar\u0131n ictimaiyy\u0259t aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 qada\u011fan ed\u0259n cinay\u0259t qanunlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259tbiqi d\u00fcnya demokratiyalar\u0131nda \u00fcmumi bir tendensiyad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              1948-ci ild\u0259 \u00dcmumd\u00fcnya \u0130nsan Haqlar\u0131 B\u0259yannam\u0259sinin (UHHR) q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si il\u0259 BMT-y\u0259 \u00fczv d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n irqin\u0259, etnik m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yin\u0259, r\u0259ngin\u0259, dini m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259tin\u0259, \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259tin\u0259, cinsi oriyentasiyas\u0131na v\u0259 s. f\u0259rq qoymadan azad do\u011fulduqlar\u0131n\u0131, l\u0259yaq\u0259t v\u0259 h\u00fcquqlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 q\u0259bul edibl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

              1948-ci ild\u0259 BMT Ba\u015f Assambleyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yekdillikl\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f \u201cSoyq\u0131r\u0131m cinay\u0259tinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 v\u0259 c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na dair Konvensiya\u201dn\u0131n 3-c\u00fc madd\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, soyq\u0131r\u0131m t\u00f6r\u0259tm\u0259y\u0259 birba\u015fa v\u0259 k\u00fctl\u0259vi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f beyn\u0259lxalq qanunlara \u0259sas\u0259n cinay\u0259t kimi c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. D\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r bu c\u00fcr cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 alma\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 c\u0259zaland\u0131rma\u011f\u0131 \u00f6z \u00f6hd\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u0259r. Konvensiyada soyq\u0131r\u0131m dar m\u0259nada: milli, etnik, irqi v\u0259 ya dini qrupu tamamil\u0259 v\u0259 ya qism\u0259n m\u0259hv etm\u0259k niyy\u0259ti il\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259dil\u0259n \u0259m\u0259l kimi t\u0259svir olunur (Madd\u0259 II).<\/p>\n

              Genosid konvensiyas\u0131 qism\u0259n Beyn\u0259lxalq H\u0259rbi (Nyunberq) Tribunal\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda qurulmu\u015fdu [24].<\/p>\n

              Yuqoslaviya Beyn\u0259lxalq Tribunal\u0131 da eyni zamanda 3-c\u00fc madd\u0259ni m\u00fczakir\u0259 etmi\u015f, lakin\u00a0 \u201cserb olmayan \u0259halinin qovulmas\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcharib\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u201d ifad\u0259l\u0259ri aras\u0131ndak\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259b v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rini qura bilm\u0259mi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n

              Elmi \u0259d\u0259biyyat genosidi \u201csistematik v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259tin \u0259mrin\u0259 \u0259saslanan\u201d h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t kimi f\u0259rql\u0259ndirs\u0259 d\u0259, ictimai qruplara qar\u015f\u0131 \u0259n \u00e7irkin t\u0259zah\u00fcr d\u0259 adland\u0131r\u0131la bil\u0259r. Genosid Konvensiyas\u0131 il\u0259 qorunan milli, etnik, irqi v\u0259 dini qruplar bir \u00e7ox cinay\u0259t m\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 dair x\u00fcsusi statusa sahibdir.<\/p>\n

              1965-ci ild\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f \u201c\u0130rqi ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyin b\u00fct\u00fcn formalar\u0131n\u0131n l\u0259\u011fv edilm\u0259si \u00fczr\u0259 Beyn\u0259lxalq Konvensiya\u201dn\u0131n (ICERD) 4-c\u00fc v\u0259 6-c\u0259 madd\u0259l\u0259ri b\u00fct\u00fcn geni\u015fmiqyasl\u0131 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7ici nitq v\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259ri qada\u011fan edir. Konvensiya h\u0259m\u00e7inin d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n ist\u0259nil\u0259n irqi, dini, etnik qrupa m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 nifr\u0259t nitqinin d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259b edir. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, Konvensiya d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin irqi diskriminasiyaya qar\u015f\u0131 cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00f6hk\u0259m institusional v\u0259 leqal bazalar\u0131n yaratmal\u0131 olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 vur\u011fulay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              1966-c\u0131 ild\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f \u201cM\u00fclki v\u0259 siyasi h\u00fcquqlara dair Beyn\u0259lxalq Pakt\u201d (ICCPR)\u201d (1976-c\u0131 ild\u0259 q\u00fcvv\u0259y\u0259 minib), x\u00fcsusil\u0259 onun 19-cu madd\u0259si il\u0259 birg\u0259 t\u0259fsir edilmi\u015f 20-ci madd\u0259sini \u201cnifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259\u201d dair \u0259n m\u00fcnasib beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259minat hesab etm\u0259k olar. Baxmayaraq ki, onun t\u0259rifi kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r dar \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 (milli, irqi v\u0259 ya dini nifr\u0259t) m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015fdir. Nifr\u0259tin q\u0259sd\u0259n v\u0259 k\u00fctl\u0259vi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259bli\u011fi m\u00fcdafi\u0259 olunan “nifr\u0259t”in ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259, d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliy\u0259 v\u0259 ya zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, y\u0259ni qanunsuz maddi h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259hrik etm\u0259m\u0259si n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulur. Pakt\u0131n 6-c\u0131 v\u0259 7-ci madd\u0259l\u0259ri 26-c\u0131 madd\u0259 il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 ya\u015famaq h\u00fcququnu \u0259sas g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259r\u0259k q\u0259ddarl\u0131q, i\u015fg\u0259nc\u0259, insanl\u0131\u011fa s\u0131\u011fmayan h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259ri qada\u011fan edir v\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259r\u00e7\u0259kmi\u015fin hans\u0131 qrupa m\u0259nsub olmas\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq substantiv h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sini \u00f6hd\u0259lik kimi qoyur.<\/p>\n

              \u201c\u018flil H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 Konvensiyas\u0131n\u0131n\u201d (CRPD) (2006-c\u0131 ild\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015fdir) 16-c\u0131 madd\u0259sind\u0259 \u00fczv d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n \u0259lill\u0259ri gender faktorundan as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq h\u0259r c\u00fcr istismar, \u015fidd\u0259t v\u0259 sui-istifad\u0259 hallar\u0131ndan qorumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn laz\u0131mi t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259k \u00f6hd\u0259liyini t\u0259l\u0259b edir.<\/p>\n

              Yuxar\u0131da g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n beyn\u0259lxalq m\u00fcqavil\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n ba\u015fqa, BMT \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif debatlar v\u0259 proqramlar da qeyd edilm\u0259lidir. XXI \u0259srd\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131qlar\u0131ndan biri dini kimlikl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00fcfr v\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin f\u0259rql\u0259ndirilm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 idi. BMT-nin 16\/18 sayl\u0131 q\u0259tnam\u0259si bu ziddiyy\u0259ti h\u0259ll etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259dini da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rd\u0131 v\u0259 \u201cRabat F\u0259aliyy\u0259t Plan\u0131\u201d onun h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sin\u0259 r\u0259hb\u0259rlik ed\u0259c\u0259k bir vasit\u0259 kimi haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Rabat F\u0259aliyy\u0259t Plan\u0131 etiraz, t\u0259hqiramiz, lakin c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmayan ifad\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 qanunsuz olan nifr\u0259t ifad\u0259l\u0259ri aras\u0131ndak\u0131 h\u00fcdudlar\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sin\u0259 imkan ver\u0259n, alt\u0131 hiss\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t bir \u201ctest\u201d mexanizmi t\u0259yin edir.<\/p>\n

              Alt\u0131 amil bunlard\u0131r: 1. kontekst, 2.dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n kimliyi, 3.niyy\u0259t, 4.m\u0259zmun v\u0259 forma, 5.nitqin \u00e7atma d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259si, 6.miqyas\u0131 v\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259r vurma ehtimal\u0131. Rabat F\u0259aliyy\u0259t Plan\u0131n\u0131n x\u00fcsusi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti,\u00a0 onlayn dan\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 nitqd\u0259n ay\u0131rma\u011f\u0131 bacaran, daha y\u00fcks\u0259k sosial t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259 bil\u0259n f\u0259rq amill\u0259rini qabartmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              2018-ci ild\u0259 BMT-nin ba\u015f katibi \u201cBMT-nin nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 dair Strateji F\u0259aliyy\u0259t Plan\u0131\u201dna start verdi. T\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs qlobal nifr\u0259t nitqinin y\u00fcks\u0259l\u0259n trend\u0259 \u00e7evrilm\u0259sin\u0259 v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olan demokratik d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ri t\u0259hdid etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flamas\u0131na cavab idi. Strateji F\u0259aliyy\u0259t Plan\u0131 he\u00e7 bir qanuni nitq m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n b\u0259hs etm\u0259d\u0259n d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 kompleks sosial v\u0259 siyasi strategiyan\u0131 t\u0259msil ed\u0259n 13 \u0259sas \u00f6hd\u0259liyi m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirdi. Strateji plan t\u0259dqiqat v\u0259 m\u0259lumat t\u0259hlili yolu il\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259ri axtarma\u011fa, m\u0259lumat yaymaq v\u0259 strateji \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t, habel\u0259 t\u0259bli\u011fat \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 \u0259ks nitq t\u0259tbiq etm\u0259y\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Avropa T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik v\u0259 \u018fm\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n (AT\u018fT) Demokratik T\u0259sisatlar v\u0259 \u0130nsan Haqlar\u0131 B\u00fcrosu (DT\u0130HB) nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 x\u00fcsusi diqq\u0259t ay\u0131r\u0131r. AT\u018fT DT\u0130HB nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 \u00fczr\u0259 milli dayaqlar\u0131, sivil toplum t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 v\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259\u015fkilatlarla birlikd\u0259 i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 t\u0259sirli \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 baxan qanun layih\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259t sisteml\u0259rinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u0259k edir. D\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259murlar\u0131, QHT v\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259\u015fkilatlar aras\u0131nda nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumatl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rinin izl\u0259nilm\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259 bildirilm\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tini d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259yir.<\/p>\n

              Avropa \u0130nsan Haqlar\u0131 M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259si\u00a0 <\/strong>(A\u0130HM) v\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u0130fad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 siyasi ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 demokratiyan\u0131n t\u0259m\u0259l da\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Lakin onun da m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri var. M\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r bar\u0259d\u0259 q\u0259rar verm\u0259k h\u0259r bir halda risk alt\u0131ndak\u0131 h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n diqq\u0259tl\u0259 tarazla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ehtiyac yarad\u0131r. A\u0130HM-d\u0259 nitq m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif formalar\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ayd\u0131n v\u0259 f\u0259rqli bir m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 qaydalar\u0131 m\u00f6vcuddur, lakin nifr\u0259t nitqi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n r\u0259hb\u0259r prinsipl\u0259rini ayd\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131rmaq sah\u0259sind\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 bo\u015fluqlar var.<\/p>\n

              Avropa \u015euras\u0131 (A\u015e) nifr\u0259t\u00a0<\/strong>dili haqq\u0131nda<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Avropa qit\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n vacib insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259di olan 1950-ci ilin Avropa \u0130nsan H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 Konvensiyas\u0131ndan \u0259lav\u0259 \u0259trafl\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rmadan sonra A\u015e \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri x\u00fcsusi qorunan \u0259saslarla bir s\u0131ra dig\u0259r konvensiyalar q\u0259bul etdil\u0259r. 1994-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u201cMilli azl\u0131qlar\u0131n qorunmas\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 \u00c7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259 Konvensiyas\u0131n\u0131n (FCNM)\u201d 4-c\u00fc madd\u0259sind\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik qada\u011fan edilir. T\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259r milli azl\u0131qlara m\u0259nsub \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r\u0259 qanun qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u0259rab\u0259rlik v\u0259 qanunun b\u0259rab\u0259r qorunmas\u0131 h\u00fcququnu t\u0259min etm\u0259yi \u00f6hd\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u0259r. 6-c\u0131 madd\u0259y\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq, T\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259r m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 dialoqu t\u0259\u015fviq edir v\u0259 etnik, m\u0259d\u0259ni, dil v\u0259 ya dini kimlikl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 t\u0259hdid v\u0259 ya ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik, d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7ilik v\u0259 ya \u015fidd\u0259t\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalan \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259ri qorumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcvafiq t\u0259dbirl\u0259r g\u00f6r\u00fcrl\u0259r. 9-cu madd\u0259d\u0259 ayr\u0131ca ifad\u0259 v\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f etm\u0259k azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 elan edilir. FCNM q\u0259r\u0259zli motivasiya edilmi\u015f davran\u0131\u015flara qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 yollar\u0131n\u0131 axtaran deyil, mediada nifr\u0259t nitqinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131na da diqq\u0259t yetir\u0259n vasit\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biridir.<\/p>\n

              1989-cu ild\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f \u201cAvropa S\u0259rh\u0259dsiz Televiziya Konvensiyas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n 7 (1) b b\u0259ndind\u0259 insan l\u0259yaq\u0259tin\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259t v\u0259 nifr\u0259t t\u0259hrikinin qada\u011fan edilm\u0259sinin z\u0259ruriliyind\u0259n b\u0259hs olunur.<\/p>\n

              2003-c\u00fc ild\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f \u201cKibercinay\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 dair Konvensiyan\u0131n \u018flav\u0259 Protokolu\u201d irq\u00e7i v\u0259 ksenofobik materiallar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131, irq\u00e7i v\u0259 ksenofobik motivasiya il\u0259 t\u0259hdid, eyni \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259hqir v\u0259 inkar, kobud bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 irq\u00e7i v\u0259 ksenofob t\u0259bi\u0259td\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259dil\u0259n cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin cinay\u0259t m\u0259suliyy\u0259tini uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131rma\u011f\u0131, soyq\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n v\u0259 insanl\u0131\u011fa qar\u015f\u0131 cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin (Madd\u0259 3, 4, 5, 6) minimuma endirilm\u0259si, t\u0259sdiqi v\u0259 ya \u0259sasland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259yir. Lakin 9 \u00fczv d\u00f6vl\u0259t protokolu \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rl\u0259, 3-\u00fc is\u0259 m\u0259tnin \u015f\u0259rhini daraldan b\u0259yannam\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 imzalay\u0131b [20].<\/p>\n

              Avropa \u015euras\u0131 (A\u015e) nifr\u0259t nitqinin r\u0259smi t\u0259rifini q\u0259bul ed\u0259n ilk v\u0259 yegan\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkilat oldu\u011funu, beyn\u0259lxalq insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259 r\u0259smi olaraq raz\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir t\u0259rif olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia edir. A\u015e Nazirl\u0259r Komit\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, nifr\u0259t nitqi, irq\u00e7iliyi, ksenofobiyan\u0131, antisemitizmi v\u0259 ya d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u0259 \u0259saslanan dig\u0259r nifr\u0259ti yayan, t\u0259hrik ed\u0259n, t\u0259\u015fviq ed\u0259n v\u0259 ya \u0259sasland\u0131ran b\u00fct\u00fcn ifad\u0259l\u0259ri, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n t\u0259cav\u00fczkar mill\u0259t\u00e7ilik v\u0259 etnosentrizm, ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik, azl\u0131qlara, miqrantlara v\u0259 immiqrant m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li insanlara qar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyi \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 ehtiva edir [16].<\/p>\n

              A\u015e Nazirl\u0259r Komit\u0259si \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 dair R (97) 20 n\u00f6mr\u0259li T\u00f6vsiy\u0259sind\u0259, media v\u0259 tolerantl\u0131q m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin t\u0259bli\u011fi il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar R (97) 21 sayl\u0131 T\u00f6vsiy\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etmi\u015fdir. R (97) 20 sayl\u0131 T\u00f6vsiy\u0259nin 1-ci Prinsipi “\u00fczv d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin, d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n, milli, regional v\u0259 yerli s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurumlar\u0131n\u0131n, habel\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259li \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin, m\u0259qbul bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi kimi ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u0259 bil\u0259n mediaya bu c\u00fcr ifad\u0259l\u0259r meydana \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131qda […] a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 inkar edilm\u0259lidir” dedi. Bu h\u0259m d\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 t\u0259tbiq edilm\u0259li olan h\u00fcquqi vasit\u0259l\u0259rin m\u00fcxt\u0259lifliyin\u0259 d\u0259 aiddir (m\u00fclki, cinay\u0259t v\u0259 inzibati h\u00fcquq m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131, Prinsip 2). 3-c\u00fc prinsip\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 ya m\u00fcdaxil\u0259si m\u00fcst\u0259qil m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259tin\u0259 tabe olmal\u0131d\u0131r”, hans\u0131 ki bu daha \u00e7ox sosial median\u0131n t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259lidir.<\/p>\n

              R (97) 21 sayl\u0131 T\u00f6vsiy\u0259 media s\u0259nayesi aktorlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yax\u015f\u0131 t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259klif etm\u0259k, mediada nifr\u0259t nitqini aradan qald\u0131rmaq v\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259klif edilmi\u015fdi. \u0130lk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131na y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015fdi v\u0259 praktik olaraq \u0259ks-cavab nitqind\u0259n b\u0259hs etm\u0259mi\u015fdi [30].<\/p>\n

              Beyn\u0259lxalq standartlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Nifr\u0259t t\u0259hrikinin cinay\u0259t qanunlar\u0131 il\u0259 qada\u011fan edilm\u0259sin\u0259 ehtiyac oldu\u011fu bar\u0259d\u0259 qlobal miqyasda yekdil fikir birliyi var. \u0130rqi Ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyin L\u0259\u011fvi Komit\u0259si (ECRI) qada\u011fan edilm\u0259li oldu\u011fu m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259t g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u0259n nifr\u0259t nitqi hallar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f spektrin\u0259 malikdir. Baxmayaraq ki, onun \u0259sas m\u0259qs\u0259di diksriminativ f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u0259lib. ECRI nifr\u0259t nitqinin spesifik aspektl\u0259ri v\u0259 bununla nec\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apar\u0131lmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 bir s\u0131ra faydal\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r verib. T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n dig\u0259r beyn\u0259lxalq qurumlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n son f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259ri v\u0259 yum\u015faq h\u00fcquqi mexanizml\u0259ri siyasi m\u0259kanda nifr\u0259t nitqinin artmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 narahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifad\u0259 edir [7].<\/p>\n

              \u201cBir \u00e7ox parlamentl\u0259rd\u0259 n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 eyni zamanda siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qaba, senzuradank\u0259nar dilin i\u015fl\u0259dilm\u0259sinin getdikc\u0259 t\u0259hqiredici v\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz bir ictimai m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 yol a\u00e7d\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fkar edilmi\u015fdir. B\u0259zi y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259li siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rin b\u0259yanatlar\u0131nda nifr\u0259t nitqind\u0259n istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259sin\u0259 mane olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu c\u00fcr dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar daha da artm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u201d [7].<\/p>\n

              A\u0130HM nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 dair m\u00fchakim\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u201cs\u00f6z\u00e7\u00fc-natiq\u201d (spiker) amilin\u0259 v\u0259 nitqin kontekstin\u0259 x\u00fcsusi diqq\u0259t yetirir. Bir futbol\u00e7u, m\u00fc\u0259llim v\u0259 ya siyas\u0259t\u00e7inin – c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 n\u00fcmun\u0259 olan \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin irqi ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyi istifad\u0259 etm\u0259sinin v\u0259 ya m\u00fcdafi\u0259 etm\u0259kd\u0259n \u00e7\u0259kinm\u0259sinin \u0259sas v\u0259zif\u0259 borclar\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 elan edilib.<\/p>\n

              H\u00fcquq f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259sind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi i\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri bar\u0259d\u0259 diskussiya apar\u0131l\u0131r. Alternativ bir fikir budur ki, nifr\u0259t nitqinin potensial effekti ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmadan h\u00fcquqi add\u0131mlar\u0131n t\u0259tbiqi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnki h\u0259d\u0259f\u0259 al\u0131nan \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin l\u0259yaq\u0259ti m\u00fcc\u0259rr\u0259d \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 z\u0259d\u0259l\u0259nir v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259ki sosial b\u0259rab\u0259rliyi v\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 inam\u0131 pozulur [44].<\/p>\n

              Dig\u0259r m\u00f6vqel\u0259r bundan ibar\u0259tdir ki, uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli sabitlik v\u0259 demokratiya nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 real sosial h\u0259r\u0259katlarla m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnki bununla ba\u011fl\u0131 kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r “h\u00fcquqi, institusional, t\u0259hsil v\u0259 maddi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur v\u0259 eyni zamanda h\u0259ssas insanlar\u0131, \u015fidd\u0259t v\u0259 ya ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalan qruplar\u0131 qorumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn laz\u0131mi s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259chiz olunur.\u201d<\/p>\n

              Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, t\u0259dqiqat\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri AB-y\u0259 \u00fczv d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin ham\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r qrupuna aid olaca\u011f\u0131 ehtimal\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259mir. Bel\u0259 ki, nifr\u0259t m\u0259zmunlu \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015flar\u0131 s\u0259sl\u0259ndir\u0259nl\u0259rin m\u00fch\u00fcm siyasi, iqtisadi v\u0259 media g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u0259 sahib olduqlar\u0131 m\u0259lumdur. Siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r, ictimai xadiml\u0259r, dig\u0259r n\u00fcfuzlu \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r, \u015fou-biznes ulduzlar\u0131 v\u0259 rol modell\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ifad\u0259 edil\u0259n nifr\u0259t nitqinin t\u0259sir etm\u0259k \u015fans\u0131n\u0131n, c\u0259miyy\u0259tin adi \u00fczvl\u0259ri il\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 daha y\u00fcks\u0259k oldu\u011fu art\u0131q q\u0259bul edilmi\u015fdir. Liberal siyasi h\u0259r\u0259katlar, azadl\u0131q, b\u0259rab\u0259rlik v\u0259 qanunun aliliyi duy\u011fusal, emosional narrativl\u0259r -hekay\u0259l\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259bli\u011f oluna bil\u0259r. Nifr\u0259t \u0259leyhin\u0259 formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lan narrativl\u0259r sosial birliyi m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir vasit\u0259 kimi d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirilm\u0259lidir. Saxta inanclar\u0131, nifr\u0259t arxas\u0131ndak\u0131 qorxu v\u0259 narahatl\u0131qlar\u0131 formala\u015fd\u0131ran \u201cnifr\u0259t narrativl\u0259rini\u201d aradan qald\u0131rmaqda xo\u015fm\u0259raml\u0131, d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcy\u00fc t\u0259\u015fviq ed\u0259n narrativl\u0259rin \u00f6n\u0259mli rolu var.<\/p>\n

              Pol\u015fa v\u0259 Macar\u0131standa milli v\u0259 dini \u00e7oxluqlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 qorunmas\u0131 vur\u011fulan\u0131r, d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259murlar\u0131na problem\u0259 h\u0259ssasl\u0131qla yana\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259r ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fcr. Almaniya, \u0130taliya v\u0259 Maltada d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259murlar\u0131 h\u0259ddind\u0259n art\u0131q siyasi f\u0259aliyy\u0259td\u0259n v\u0259 irq\u00e7ilikd\u0259n \u00e7\u0259kinm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, ya “d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259murlar\u0131, ya statuslar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259nziml\u0259y\u0259n qanunun bir hiss\u0259si olaraq” (Almaniya), ya “ayr\u0131 bir cinay\u0259t olaraq” (Malta) v\u0259 ya “nifr\u0259ti t\u0259hrik ed\u0259n a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 hal kimi” (\u0130taliya) daha y\u00fcks\u0259k v\u0259zif\u0259 h\u0259ddin\u0259 sahibdirl\u0259r. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, Malta m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259ri nitqin potensial t\u0259sirini art\u0131ran bir amil kimi \u201cnatiq\u201d amilinin t\u0259sirini q\u0259bul edir.<\/p>\n

              Pol\u015fada irqi, dini t\u0259hqir v\u0259 prezidentin t\u0259hqir olunmas\u0131 cinay\u0259t say\u0131l\u0131r. Almaniyada irqi motivl\u0259 t\u0259hqir\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcmumi t\u0259hqir m\u00fcdd\u0259as\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259tbiq oluna bil\u0259c\u0259yi istisna olmaqla, irqi t\u0259hqir cinay\u0259t hesab olunmur. \u00dczv d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r nifr\u0259t\u0259 t\u0259hrik etm\u0259 cinay\u0259tini qurmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ya bir niyy\u0259t v\u0259 ya t\u0259sir t\u0259l\u0259b edirl\u0259r. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259yal\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259ki m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259r azad nitqin qorunmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259rk edir v\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131n\u0131 dar m\u0259nada \u015f\u0259rh edirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

              Almaniya (v\u0259 Fransa) xaricind\u0259 sosial media t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 tabe deyil. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif subyektl\u0259r v\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259r m\u00f6vcud t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259 qaydalar\u0131na etibar edir. S\u00f6z\u00fcged\u0259n sah\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n az olmas\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u00fcmumi problemdir. M\u00fcvafiq sah\u0259d\u0259 hesabatl\u0131l\u0131qdan \u0259lav\u0259, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif mane\u0259l\u0259r cinay\u0259t prosesinin b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 prosedurlar\u0131n u\u011furla ba\u015fa \u00e7atmas\u0131na mane olur. Onlayn nifr\u0259t nitqi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qeyri-kafi r\u0259q\u0259msal savadl\u0131l\u0131q da \u00f6z t\u0259sirini g\u00f6st\u0259rir. M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 h\u00fcququnun uy\u011funsuzlu\u011fu, yanl\u0131\u015f \u015f\u0259rhetm\u0259l\u0259r, irqi q\u0259r\u0259z v\u0259 ya h\u0259tta institusional ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik daha \u00e7ox problem olaraq xat\u0131rlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              \u0130ctimai sah\u0259d\u0259 mediada b\u0259zi m\u0259qamlarda nifr\u0259t nitqinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rark\u0259n bel\u0259 bir n\u0259tic\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259k olar ki, nifr\u0259t nitqi \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 m\u0259tbuatda oldu\u011fundan daha \u00e7ox siyasi sferada yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Cinay\u0259t m\u0259zmunlu nifr\u0259t nitqi sosial mediada v\u0259 onlayn \u015f\u0259rhl\u0259rd\u0259, \u0259sas\u0259n siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rin nitql\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilir. Ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik ifad\u0259 ed\u0259n siyasi ritorika \u0259n \u00e7ox miqrantlara v\u0259 cinsi azl\u0131qlara, qism\u0259n d\u0259 etnik azl\u0131qlara m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 t\u0259tbiq edilir.<\/p>\n

              Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259ti prosedurlar\u0131n\u0131n effektivlik d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259sini ara\u015fd\u0131rark\u0259n, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tin\u0259 d\u0259 etibar edilm\u0259li oldu\u011fu q\u0259na\u0259tin\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              \u018fks-arqumentin (counter-speech) QHT-l\u0259r say\u0259sind\u0259 ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sektorda t\u0259bli\u011fi n\u0259tic\u0259 ver\u0259 bil\u0259r. Almaniya v\u0259 \u0130taliyada bu f\u0259aliyy\u0259t h\u00f6kum\u0259tin r\u0259smi siyas\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nir. Bundan f\u0259rqli olaraq, Pol\u015fa v\u0259 Macar\u0131standa QHT-l\u0259r\u0259 mane\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259dilir v\u0259 ya onlar h\u0259tta t\u0259zyiq\u0259 m\u0259ruz qal\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

              Almaniyada, \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fc il\u0259 yarad\u0131lan v\u0259 inki\u015faf etdiril\u0259n m\u00fcsb\u0259t t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259r var. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 yarad\u0131lan “\u0130chbinhier” – \u201cM\u0259n buradayam\u201d layih\u0259si\u00a0 hal-haz\u0131rda Almaniyada sosial mediada irq\u00e7iliy\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn say\u0131 30.000 olan k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131 c\u0259lb edib.<\/p>\n

              V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f f\u0259allar\u0131n\u0131n, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u201cwhistle blowers\u201d – \u201cx\u0259b\u0259r\u00e7il\u0259r\u201d adlanan \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin tez-tez m\u00f6vqel\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 \u015fifahi v\u0259 ya h\u0259tta fiziki t\u0259zyiql\u0259r\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalmas\u0131 hallar\u0131 ba\u015f verir. Bu c\u00fcr h\u00fccumlar ya h\u00fcquq-m\u00fchafiz\u0259 orqanlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n, ya da onlar\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u0259zd\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n, h\u0259tta t\u0259sdiql\u0259y\u0259n \/ \u0259sasland\u0131ran siyasi ritorika il\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259siz qald\u0131qda, \u201cs\u00fckut-qorxu spiral\u0131\u201d (Elizabet Noel-Noyman) v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti formala\u015f\u0131r. Bu v\u0259ziyy\u0259t is\u0259 ictimai i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa m\u0259nfi t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir v\u0259 zorak\u0131\/nifr\u0259t nitql\u0259ri getdikc\u0259 daha \u00e7ox n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7arp\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              ECRI-nin yuxar\u0131da ad\u0131 \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n ara\u015fd\u0131rmas\u0131nda \u00fczv d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir s\u0131ra T\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulub. T\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 qeyd olunur ki, Avropa Birliyi insan l\u0259yaq\u0259tin\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259t, azadl\u0131q, demokratiya, b\u0259rab\u0259rlik, qanunun aliliyi v\u0259 insan haqlar\u0131na h\u00f6rm\u0259t, azl\u0131qlara m\u0259nsub \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 da daxil olmaqla h\u00f6rm\u0259t d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259saslanan bir toplum olaraq (Madd\u0259 2 TEU) nifr\u0259t s\u00f6z\u00fc \u0259leyhin\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xmal\u0131 v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t etm\u0259lidir<\/p>\n

              Q\u0259r\u0259zli motivli h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq olaraq iki kateqoriyada qrupla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131la bil\u0259r: \u0259ks nitq (counter-speech) v\u0259 \u0259ks-t\u0259dbir (counteraction). H\u0259r ikisi d\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tinin ictimai fenomen oldu\u011funu, qanuni t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259 v\u0259 qanunun t\u0259tbiq edilm\u0259sinin yaln\u0131z aysberqin bir t\u0259r\u0259fi oldu\u011funu n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli v\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259m inki\u015faf \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259sas t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259li olan amill\u0259r:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              • sosial etibars\u0131zl\u0131q, b\u0259rab\u0259rsizlik v\u0259 yoxsulluq;<\/li>\n
              • risk \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qurulmu\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259timizd\u0259ki m\u00fcxt\u0259lif qorxular;<\/li>\n
              • qeyri-b\u0259rab\u0259r t\u0259hsil;<\/li>\n
              • h\u00fcquq-m\u00fchafiz\u0259 sisteminin z\u0259ifliyi;<\/li>\n
              • populist siyasi ritorika.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                  \n
                1. Qlobal pandemiya (COVID-19) <\/strong>d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin <\/strong>daha da yay\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  2020-ci ilin yaz\u0131nda COVID-19-un yay\u0131lmas\u0131 zaman\u0131 apar\u0131lan ara\u015fd\u0131rmalara \u0259sas\u0259n d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r konstitusiyalar\u0131nda \u0259ksini tapan h\u00fcquq v\u0259 azadl\u0131qlardan uzaqla\u015faraq v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, sakinl\u0259rinin v\u0259 \u0259cn\u0259bil\u0259rin h\u00fcquq v\u0259 azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

                  Qanunun aliliyi bax\u0131m\u0131ndan t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li olan, demokratiyan\u0131n t\u0259bi\u0259tin\u0259 yad olan pandemiya m\u00fchitind\u0259 karantin t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri il\u0259 insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n da pozulmas\u0131 lab\u00fcd proses\u0259 \u00e7evrildi.<\/p>\n

                  B\u0259\u015f\u0259r tarixind\u0259 pandemiyalar m\u00fct\u0259madi olaraq d\u00f6vl\u0259t v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 insan haqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczl\u0259\u015fdiyi v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259ri ortaya \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131b, m\u00f6vcud probleml\u0259rin v\u0259 sosial g\u0259rginliyin daha da artmas\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131n g\u00f6st\u0259rib. Tarix boyu epidemiyalar zaman\u0131 \u201cg\u00fcnah ke\u00e7il\u0259ri\u201d axtar\u0131l\u0131b, c\u0259miyy\u0259tin g\u0259rginlik v\u0259 q\u0259z\u0259bi onlara y\u00f6n\u0259ldilib. Orta \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259 yeni d\u00f6vrd\u0259 h\u0259kiml\u0259r v\u0259 tibb bac\u0131lar\u0131 v\u0259ba x\u0259st\u0259liyinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131nda aciz qald\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u00fcnahland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131lar. 1500-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 Avropada v\u0259 Asiya qit\u0259sind\u0259 ksenofobiya v\u0259 irqi t\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcbke\u015flik dal\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 yoluxucu x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259rin ba\u015f verm\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirilirdi. H\u0259min d\u00f6vrd\u0259 x\u0259st\u0259liyin b\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcy\u00fc \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r ba\u015f ver\u0259nl\u0259rin s\u0259b\u0259bkar\u0131 kimi qon\u015fu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 ya d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nl\u0259rini g\u00fcnahland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

                  COVID-19 pandemiyas\u0131 da istisna olmad\u0131. O yaln\u0131z milyonlarla insan h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n itirilm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olmad\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 m\u00f6vcud probleml\u0259ri b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u0259rinliyi il\u0259 a\u015fkara \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131, g\u00fccl\u0259ndirdi, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259ssas v\u0259 imkans\u0131z t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi, z\u0259if \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259 daha \u00e7ox z\u0259rb\u0259 vurdu.<\/p>\n

                  Reall\u0131qda m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yi d\u0259qiq izl\u0259nilm\u0259y\u0259n v\u0259 elm adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ar\u0259 tapa bilm\u0259dikl\u0259ri kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r x\u0259st\u0259lik var. Bir-birin\u0259 zidd olan, qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n elmi d\u0259lill\u0259r postmodern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tidir, lakin onlardan ir\u0259li g\u0259l\u0259n etibars\u0131zl\u0131q, d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259snif edil\u0259n v\u0259 ya gizl\u0259dil\u0259n m\u0259lumatlarla bir araya g\u0259l\u0259r\u0259k g\u00fcnahkarl\u0131\u011fa \u0259lveri\u015fli z\u0259min t\u0259klif edir. X\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259 konspiroloji n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259rin olduqca s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 yay\u0131lmas\u0131 son pandemiya d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259mi\u015f miqyas ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

                  COVID-19 d\u00fcnya miqyas\u0131nda yay\u0131lan nifr\u0259ti art\u0131rd\u0131, y\u0259hudi, \u00e7inli v\u0259 ya amerikan elitas\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259suliyy\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 fantastik konspiroliji (sui-q\u0259sd) n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. Ya\u015fl\u0131lar v\u0259 ya x\u0259st\u0259l\u0259r kimi yeni g\u00fcnahkar axtar\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 formala\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131. \u018fn\u0259n\u0259vi olaraq qorunan qruplar aras\u0131nda ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 y\u0259hudi icmas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 \u00e7\u0259kilm\u0259lidir. Orta \u0259sr taunu d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 x\u0259st\u0259liyin y\u0259hudil\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259sd\u0259n quyudan z\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259nm\u0259 yolu il\u0259 yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sui-q\u0259sd n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sin\u0259 \u0259saslanaraq talanlar t\u0259\u015fkil edildi. Orta \u0259srl\u0259rin absurd iddialar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259ks etdir\u0259r\u0259k, 2020-ci ild\u0259 sui-q\u0259sd n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259ri y\u0259hudil\u0259rin maddi maraqlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn virusu nec\u0259 icad etdikl\u0259ri v\u0259 ya yayd\u0131qlar\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 \u015fayi\u0259l\u0259r s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 yay\u0131lma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. \u018fsas m\u0259qs\u0259di guya h\u00f6kum\u0259tin pandemiyaya n\u0259zar\u0259ti \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irm\u0259sin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 etiraz m\u0259qs\u0259di da\u015f\u0131yan n\u00fcmayi\u015fl\u0259r alman radikallar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n antisemitizm n\u00fcmayi\u015f etdirm\u0259k v\u0259 ya neo-nasist ideologiyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn sui-istifad\u0259 edildi. Virusun \u00c7inin Uhan \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259n d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n onun Asiya m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn asiyal\u0131lar pandemiyan\u0131n ba\u015f verm\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259 virusun yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda g\u00fcnahland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 [23].<\/p>\n

                  COVID-19 say\u0259sind\u0259 yeni ksenofobiya t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259ri – etnik nifr\u0259t hallar\u0131 da y\u00fcks\u0259ldi. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Avstriyan\u0131n Styria Ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilikl\u0259 M\u00fcbariz\u0259 \u0130dar\u0259sinin t\u0259hlilind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi \u0259leyhin\u0259 olan \u201cBan Hate\u201d texnoloji t\u0259tbiqin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, virusun yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda qa\u00e7q\u0131nlar\u0131 g\u00fcnahland\u0131ran postlarda art\u0131m oldu\u011fu bildirildi.<\/p>\n

                  Pandemiya d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 qara\u00e7\u0131lara (roman etnik azl\u0131qlara) h\u00fccum edildiyi, \u00fcz\u0259rl\u0259rin\u0259 zibil at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 s. m\u0259lumatlar ksenofobiyan\u0131n t\u0259sirini, irq\u00e7i t\u0259hqirl\u0259rin s\u0259sl\u0259nm\u0259sini ayd\u0131n g\u00f6st\u0259rdi.<\/p>\n

                  BMT-nin azl\u0131q m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fczr\u0259 x\u00fcsusi m\u0259ruz\u0259\u00e7isi Fernand de Varennes qara\u00e7\u0131lara qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t nitqinin artd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 iddia edil\u0259n qoruma t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259t etm\u0259dikl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u00fcnahland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi.<\/p>\n

                  Yaln\u0131z sa\u011flaml\u0131q, t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik, humanitar, sosial, t\u0259hsil v\u0259 iqtisadi t\u0259dbirl\u0259r, dezinformasiyaya qar\u015f\u0131 s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li m\u00fcbariz\u0259 il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 raz\u0131 salma v\u0259 bunun n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar c\u0259za t\u0259dbirl\u0259rinin icras\u0131 da nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 prosesin\u0259 laz\u0131mi d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259ri g\u0259tir\u0259 bil\u0259r. COVID-19 haqq\u0131nda m\u0259lumat ver\u0259n jurnalistl\u0259r d\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi hallar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 etdikl\u0259rini bildiribl\u0259r. Onlar x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259ri haz\u0131rlayark\u0259n yaln\u0131z h\u0259bs v\u0259 ya ittiham, m\u0259lumat \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259 m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259ti v\u0259 senzuraya m\u0259ruz qalmay\u0131b, h\u0259m d\u0259 pandemiya haqq\u0131nda mediaya m\u0259lumat ver\u0259rk\u0259n \u015fifahi v\u0259 fiziki h\u00fccumlara m\u0259ruz qald\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131qlay\u0131blar.<\/p>\n

                  COVID-19 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi olaraq adi hallarda q\u0259r\u0259zli cinay\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 daha az m\u0259ruz qalan dig\u0259r h\u0259ssas \u0259hali qruplar\u0131 da sa\u011flaml\u0131q b\u00f6hran\u0131 \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259n h\u0259d\u0259f\u0259 g\u0259lib. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Latviya \u0130nsan Haqlar\u0131 M\u0259rk\u0259zi xaricd\u0259n repatriasiya ed\u0259n latviyal\u0131lara qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t nitqinin artd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirib.<\/p>\n

                  Dig\u0259r bir g\u0259rginlik Macar\u0131stan\u0131n paytaxt\u0131 Budape\u015ftd\u0259 v\u0259 ba\u015fqa b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259hali il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilib. Paytaxt Budape\u015ftd\u0259 ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n intizams\u0131z olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 h\u0259ft\u0259 sonu evl\u0259rin\u0259 – \u0259sas\u0259n Balaton g\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u0259ki evl\u0259rin\u0259 getm\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131 yoluxdurdu\u011funu iddia ed\u0259n \u0259halinin bir qismi \u201cqaydalara \u0259m\u0259l etm\u0259y\u0259n qon\u015fular\u0131na\u201d h\u00fccum v\u0259 t\u0259zyiql\u0259r edibl\u0259r: \u201cMacar\u0131standa karantind\u0259 olan \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n (r\u0259smi \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r istisna olmaqla) ev\u0259 daxil olmas\u0131n\u0131 qada\u011fan etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 qap\u0131lar\u0131ndan q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 l\u00f6vh\u0259 asmal\u0131 idil\u0259r. Buna \u0259m\u0259l etm\u0259y\u0259n \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r qon\u015fular\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fccum v\u0259 t\u0259zyiql\u0259rin\u0259 m\u0259ruz qal\u0131rd\u0131. Evin v\u0259 ya m\u0259cburi karantin m\u00fcdd\u0259tinin t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyini t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn polis m\u00fcdaxil\u0259si qa\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz idi\u201d [15].<\/p>\n

                  Dig\u0259r bir misal, Fransada ba\u015flad\u0131lan v\u0259 Avropan\u0131n h\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fin\u0259 yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildiril\u0259n, \u201c#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus (M\u0259n virus deyil\u0259m)\u201d h\u0259\u015ft\u0259g h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131, q\u0259r\u0259z, nifr\u0259t v\u0259 q\u0259r\u0259zli cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin \u00e7oxalmas\u0131n\u0131n qurban\u0131 olan azl\u0131q v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n artan m\u0259yuslu\u011funu \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 \u0259ks etdirdi. H\u0259r\u0259kat qanunun nifr\u0259t elementli bu hadis\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 durmal\u0131 oldu\u011funu, humanist v\u0259 rasional d\u00f6vl\u0259t siyas\u0259ti \u0259sas\u0131nda qisas\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q, d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck, q\u0259ddarl\u0131q v\u0259 m\u0259lumats\u0131zl\u0131q-maarifsizlik n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 t\u0259cav\u00fcz\u00fcn qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 alma\u011fa qadir olmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259bli\u011f edib. H\u0259m\u00e7inin h\u0259r\u0259kat, dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n, pandemiya il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 istiqam\u0259tind\u0259 \u201cm\u0259lumatland\u0131rma sah\u0259sind\u0259 \u015f\u0259ffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u0259min edilm\u0259sini, m\u0259murlar\u0131n\u00a0 ayd\u0131n, \u0259l\u00e7atan, ard\u0131c\u0131l, d\u00fczg\u00fcn v\u0259 davaml\u0131 x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259rin verilm\u0259sini vacib hesab edib. Virusla ba\u011fl\u0131 saxta m\u0259lumatlr\u0131n (fake x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259rin) yay\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmaq, h\u00fcquqi mexanizml\u0259ri v\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tin f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin \u015f\u0259ffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k vahid yana\u015fman\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259lidir. A\u015fkarl\u0131q v\u0259 davaml\u0131 m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssis t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259saslanan g\u00fccl\u00fc f\u0259rdi sosial m\u0259suliyy\u0259tin formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259\u00a0\u00a0 h\u00f6kum\u0259tin f\u0259aliyy\u0259tind\u0259 \u015f\u0259ffafl\u0131q son n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 \u0259n m\u00fcsb\u0259t n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xara bil\u0259r\u201d. \u0130lkin \u015f\u0259rt olaraq, d\u00f6vl\u0259t d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u0259 imkan verm\u0259m\u0259lidir [21].<\/p>\n

                  Haz\u0131rda nifr\u0259t dilini m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131ran qanunvericiliyin t\u0259tbiqi demokratiyan\u0131n yeni tendensiyas\u0131na \u00e7evrilib. Qanun q\u0259bul ed\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r Avstraliya, Avstriya, Bel\u00e7ika, Braziliya, Kanada, Kipr, Danimarka, \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259, Fransa, Almaniya, Hindistan, \u0130srail, \u0130taliya, \u0130sve\u00e7, \u0130sve\u00e7r\u0259 v\u0259 s.-dir. Bu d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f qanunlara g\u00f6r\u0259, \u201ci\u00e7ind\u0259 zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f olmayan nifr\u0259t nitql\u0259rinin qada\u011fan olunmas\u0131 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131na toxuna bil\u0259r.\u201d<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Sosial mediada nifr\u0259t nitqi: <\/strong>qlobal m\u00fcqayis\u0259l\u0259r<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    BMT-nin ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 x\u00fcsusi m\u0259ruz\u0259\u00e7isi Devid Key qeyd edir ki, \u201cinternetd\u0259 yer alan nifr\u0259t nitqi z\u0259r\u0259rsiz say\u0131la bilm\u0259z. H\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 \u00f6z\u0259l sektor internetd\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259sirli t\u0259dbirl\u0259r g\u00f6rm\u00fcrl\u0259r. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n d\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi t\u0259dric\u0259n m\u00fcasir d\u00f6vr\u00fcn \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck problemi olan “saxta (feyk) x\u0259b\u0259r”d\u0259n daha qorxulu bir fenomen hal\u0131na g\u0259l\u0259 bil\u0259r. Onlayn nifr\u0259t nitqi sad\u0259c\u0259 internetd\u0259 oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259r\u0259rsiz hesab edil\u0259 bilm\u0259z. \u018fksin\u0259, virtual m\u0259kanda nifr\u0259t nitqi b\u00f6y\u00fck bir s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 yay\u0131l\u0131r v\u0259 bu, reall\u0131qda ciddi n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b ola bil\u0259r. Dem\u0259k olar ki, nifr\u0259t nitqind\u0259n h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 istifad\u0259 etm\u0259kd\u0259 m\u0259qs\u0259d ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131 susdurmaqd\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 bu fenomenl\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apar\u0131b-aparmamaqda deyil. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 ondad\u0131r ki, insan haqlar\u0131n\u0131 pozmadan bunu nec\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259rik. H\u00fcquq m\u00fcdafi\u0259\u00e7isi bu g\u00fcn nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 hesabat\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259qdim etdi. O, \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259, d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliy\u0259 v\u0259 \u015fidd\u0259t\u0259 t\u0259hrik edilm\u0259sinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Rabat F\u0259aliyy\u0259t Plan\u0131 da daxil olmaqla \u0259sas beyn\u0259lxalq insan haqlar\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rin\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131b [48].<\/p>\n

                    Onu da \u0259lav\u0259 ed\u0259k ki, BMT-nin ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 x\u00fcsusi m\u0259ruz\u0259\u00e7isi m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin d\u0259v\u0259ti il\u0259 s\u0259f\u0259rl\u0259r edir v\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259ruz\u0259l\u0259r haz\u0131rlay\u0131r. S\u0259f\u0259rl\u0259r ancaq r\u0259smi d\u0259v\u0259t \u0259sas\u0131nda realla\u015f\u0131r. Sonuncu d\u0259f\u0259 Devid Key Tacikistana d\u0259v\u0259t edilib v\u0259 m\u0259ruz\u0259 haz\u0131rlay\u0131b.<\/p>\n

                    Qeyd edildiyi kimi, onlayn internet m\u0259kan\u0131nda, sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi m\u0259zmunlu \u015fidd\u0259t d\u00fcnyada getdikc\u0259 artmaqdad\u0131r. Bu, qlobal trend\u0259 \u00e7evril\u0259n prosesl\u0259rl\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rin geni\u015f istifad\u0259 olunan texnoloji platformalarda s\u00f6z v\u0259 senzuraya dair m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 ciddi m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcnd\u0259m\u0259 g\u0259tirib.<\/p>\n

                    Miqrantlara v\u0259 dig\u0259r azl\u0131qlara qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 h\u00fccumlar, ksenofob, islamofob v\u0259 s. qruplar\u0131n internetd\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi \u0259sasl\u0131 kontenti v\u0259 zorak\u0131 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r yeni narahatl\u0131qlar yarad\u0131r. Analitikl\u0259r d\u00fcnyadak\u0131 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri meyill\u0259rinin siyasi m\u00fchitd\u0259ki d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259ri \u0259ks etdirdiyini v\u0259 sosial median\u0131n nifaq\u0131 daha da art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edirl\u0259r. \u201cSaxta x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259r\u201d (\u201cfake news\u201d) adlanan sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 fenomeni \u0259n ifrat d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259, virtual m\u0259kanda \u015fayi\u0259l\u0259r, b\u00f6htan v\u0259 s. m\u0259zmunlar informasiya m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259n, ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259ri lin\u00e7 etm\u0259kd\u0259n tutmu\u015f etnik t\u0259mizl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259r\u0259 yol a\u00e7a bil\u0259c\u0259k \u015fidd\u0259t hallar\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu.<\/p>\n

                    X\u00fcsusil\u0259 vur\u011fulanmal\u0131d\u0131r ki, internetd\u0259 senzuran\u0131n n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn v\u0259 nec\u0259 edil\u0259c\u0259yin\u0259 q\u0259rar verm\u0259k v\u0259zif\u0259si, d\u00fcnya \u0259halisinin m\u00fctl\u0259q \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tinin \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t qurdu\u011fu platformalar\u0131 idar\u0259 ed\u0259n bir ne\u00e7\u0259 \u015firk\u0259tin \u0259lin\u0259 ke\u00e7m\u0259si v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259bl\u0259\u015fdirib. Bu \u015firk\u0259tl\u0259r \u00f6z daxili qanunlar\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015f\u0131r. Liberal demokratiyalarda bu qanunlar ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyi aradan qald\u0131rma\u011fa v\u0259 azl\u0131qlara qar\u015f\u0131 zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 alma\u011fa xidm\u0259t ed\u0259 bil\u0259r. Eyni zamanda, bu c\u00fcr qanunlar azl\u0131qlar\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcxalif qruplar\u0131 \u00f6rt-basd\u0131r etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 istifad\u0259 edil\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                    Haz\u0131rda d\u00fcnyada insanlar\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259n \u0259laq\u0259 qurur, planet \u0259halisinin t\u0259xmin\u0259n \u00fc\u00e7d\u0259 biri yaln\u0131z Facebookda aktivdir. M\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r getdikc\u0259 daha \u00e7ox insan\u0131n internetd\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259sind\u0259n sonra irq\u00e7iliy\u0259, fobiyalara v\u0259 s. d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck hallar\u0131na daha \u00e7ox rast g\u0259lindiyini qeyd edirl\u0259r. Sosial media platformalar\u0131 da zorak\u0131 aktorlara h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rini tan\u0131tmaq imkan\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259qdim edir.<\/p>\n

                    Zaxari Laub \u201cSosial mediada nifr\u0259t nitqi\u201d adl\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rmas\u0131nda qeyd edir: \u201cPyu\u201d Ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar M\u0259rk\u0259zinin (Pew Research Center) 2019-cu ild\u0259 ke\u00e7irdiyi sor\u011fuya g\u00f6r\u0259, \u201cinsanlar a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 azl\u0131q qruplar\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 t\u0259hqiramiz a\u00e7\u0131qlamalar ver\u0259 bil\u0259rl\u0259r\u201d fikrin\u0259 m\u00fcsb\u0259t yana\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 \u00e7oxdur. Burada ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 nifr\u0259t dilinin m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda m\u00f6vcud olan k\u00f6vr\u0259k s\u0259rh\u0259d \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Qeyd edil\u0259n fikirl\u0259 raz\u0131 olanlar\u0131n \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k faizini (67%) AB\u015e \u0259halisi t\u0259\u015fkil edir [34].<\/p>\n

                    H\u0259m\u00e7inin \u201cPyu\u201d Ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar M\u0259rk\u0259zinin 2015-ci ild\u0259 apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 dig\u0259r ara\u015fd\u0131rmaya g\u00f6r\u0259, \u201cmilleniallar\u0131n\u201d 40%-i \u0259ksin\u0259 ifad\u0259l\u0259rin m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259yir. Milleniallar (Millennials-Generation Y), yaxud Y n\u0259sli 1985-2004-c\u00fc il t\u0259v\u0259ll\u00fcdl\u00fc insanlard\u0131r. Millenniallara\u00a0 g\u00f6r\u0259, insanlar\u0131 birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n \u0259sas amil ya\u015f deyil, d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rdir [34].<\/p>\n

                    Sosial t\u0259dqiqatlarda onlayn \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259ki kontent v\u0259 dig\u0259r dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar\u0131n \u015fidd\u0259t h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 nec\u0259 t\u0259hrik ed\u0259c\u0259yi ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131b, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259r qeyd edilib:<\/p>\n

                    Almaniyada ifrat sa\u011f\u00e7\u0131 “Almaniya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Alternativ” Partiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qa\u00e7q\u0131nlara qar\u015f\u0131 Facebook payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 il\u0259 qa\u00e7q\u0131nlara edil\u0259n h\u00fccumlar aras\u0131nda bir \u0259laq\u0259 a\u015fkar edilib. T\u00f6r\u0259dil\u0259n yan\u011f\u0131n v\u0259 basq\u0131n kimi h\u00fccumlardak\u0131 qarmaqar\u0131\u015f\u0131ql\u0131q nifr\u0259t m\u0259zmunlu sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 postlar\u0131nda \u00f6z \u0259ksini tap\u0131b.<\/p>\n

                    Almaniya qanunverici orqan\u0131 onlayn nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 m\u0259qs\u0259di da\u015f\u0131yan prosesi ba\u015fa \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131b. 2020-ci ild\u0259 haz\u0131rlanan qanun layih\u0259si bir ay \u0259vv\u0259l Konstitusiya M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259si t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n konstitusiyaya zidd elan edilmi\u015f qanuna b\u0259nz\u0259r m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131 ehtiva etdiyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Federal Prezident t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n imzalanmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. 2021-ci ilin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259 qanuna laz\u0131mi d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r edildi, mart ay\u0131nda yekunla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Qanun 3 aprel 2021-ci ild\u0259 q\u00fcvv\u0259y\u0259 mindi [14].<\/p>\n

                    Almaniyada q\u0259bul edil\u0259n yeni qanunvericilik akt\u0131 son ill\u0259rd\u0259 siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015f ver\u0259n nirf\u0259t \u0259sasl\u0131 \u015fifahi v\u0259 fiziki h\u00fccumlardan qaynaqlanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. 1 iyun 2019-cu il tarixind\u0259 Kassel b\u00f6lg\u0259sinin r\u0259hb\u0259ri Yoalter L\u00fcbcke evinin eyvan\u0131nda vuruldu. L\u00fcbcke qa\u00e7q\u0131nlarla \u0259laq\u0259li tolerant fikirl\u0259ri il\u0259 tan\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131 v\u0259 sosial mediada \u015fifahi h\u00fccumlara v\u0259 t\u0259hdidl\u0259r\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc m\u00fcasir Almaniyada ilk siyasi motivli q\u0259tl kimi q\u0259bul edildi. lakin L\u00fcbcke qa\u00e7q\u0131n siyas\u0259tin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 \u015fidd\u0259t\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalan ilk alman siyas\u0259t\u00e7i deyildi. B\u0259l\u0259diyy\u0259 s\u0259drl\u0259ri Andreas Hollstein v\u0259 Henriette Reker 2015-ci v\u0259 2017 ill\u0259rd\u0259 b\u0131\u00e7aql\u0131 h\u00fccumlardan xilas ola bilmi\u015fdil\u0259r. H\u0259r iki halda cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin siyasi motivli, cinay\u0259tkarlar\u0131n is\u0259 ksenofob sa\u011f ekstremistl\u0259r olmas\u0131 s\u00fcbuta yetirildi.<\/p>\n

                    Amerika Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f \u015etatlar\u0131nda son zamanlarda a\u011f irq\u00e7ilik (whitw suprematist) h\u00fccumlar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259nl\u0259r irq\u00e7i icmalar aras\u0131nda onlayn olaraq yay\u0131ld\u0131. Onlar \u00f6zl\u0259rini tan\u0131tmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn sosial mediaya ax\u0131n edibl\u0259r. Prokurorlar 2015-ci ilin iyun ay\u0131nda doqquz qarad\u0259rili din xadimini v\u0259 ibad\u0259t ed\u0259nl\u0259ri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u0259n \u00c7arleston kils\u0259 q\u0259tliam\u0131n\u0131n, a\u011f irq\u00e7ilik \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 h\u0259d\u0259fin \u015fidd\u0259tli h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259b etdiyin\u0259 inand\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 internetd\u0259 \u201c\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fct\u0259bli\u011f\u201dl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u0259di.<\/p>\n

                    2018-ci ild\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n Pitsburq sinaqoqunun qatili qeyri-ciddi qaydalar\u0131 olan v\u0259 bununla b\u00f6y\u00fck platformalardan \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ekstremistl\u0259ri \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 c\u0259lb ed\u0259n “Gab” adl\u0131 sosial media \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sinin i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 idi. Qatil qa\u00e7q\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fc \u015eabbat xidm\u0259tind\u0259 11 ibad\u0259t\u00e7ini q\u0259tl\u0259 yetirm\u0259mi\u015fd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l burada y\u0259hudil\u0259rin miqrantlar\u0131 AB\u015e-a g\u0259tirm\u0259si, onun “a\u011f” \u0259halisinin say\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaq ist\u0259m\u0259si kimi konspirasiya n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259rini ir\u0259li s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. H\u0259min “b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259v\u0259zetm\u0259” metaforas\u0131 bir il \u00f6nc\u0259 Virciniya \u015ftat\u0131n\u0131n \u015earlottesvill \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fd\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 e\u015fidilmi\u015fdi, frans\u0131z ifrat sa\u011f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ideyalar\u0131na \u0259saslanaraq a\u011f olmayan \u0259hali bar\u0259d\u0259 demoqrafik narahatl\u0131qlar\u0131 v\u0259 do\u011fum s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 enm\u0259si haqq\u0131nda fikirl\u0259ri t\u0259msil edir.<\/p>\n

                    \u201cB\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259v\u0259zetm\u0259\u201d ideyas\u0131 q\u0131rx doqquz m\u00fcs\u0259lman\u0131 namaz q\u0131lark\u0259n q\u0259tl\u0259 yetir\u0259n v\u0259 h\u00fccumu YouTube-da yay\u0131mlama\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 2019-cu ild\u0259 Yeni Zelandiya m\u0259scidind\u0259 cinay\u0259t t\u00f6r\u0259d\u0259n \u015f\u0259xs t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u0259 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nmi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n

                    Myanmarda h\u0259rbi liderl\u0259r v\u0259 buddist mill\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r etnik t\u0259mizl\u0259m\u0259 kampaniyas\u0131 \u00f6nc\u0259si v\u0259 bu m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u0259rzind\u0259 Rohingya m\u00fcs\u0259lman azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259m\u0259k v\u0259 demonizasiya (iblisl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k) \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn sosial mediadan istifad\u0259 etdil\u0259r. Rohingya \u0259halinin, b\u0259lk\u0259, y\u00fczd\u0259 2-sini t\u0259\u015fkil ets\u0259 d\u0259, etnik mill\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r Rohingyan\u0131n buddist \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti tezlikl\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z ed\u0259c\u0259yini iddia edirdil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                    BMT-nin ara\u015fd\u0131rma missiyas\u0131 qeyd etdi ki, “\u018fks\u0259r istifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Facebook \u0130nternet m\u0259kan\u0131nda\u00a0 nifr\u0259t yaymaq ist\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn faydal\u0131 bir vasit\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7evrilib\u201d [26].<\/p>\n

                    Hindistanda bir \u00e7ox hallarda WhatsApp qruplar\u0131ndak\u0131 \u015fayi\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n qaynaqlanan lin\u00e7 d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 dig\u0259r ictimai \u015fidd\u0259t n\u00f6vl\u0259ri, 2014-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Hindu-mill\u0259t\u00e7i Bharatiya Janata Partiyas\u0131 (BJP) hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259ldikd\u0259n sonra artmaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                    \u015eri-Lanka da eyni \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 Tamil m\u00fcs\u0259lman azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0259d\u0259f alan, internetd\u0259 yay\u0131lan \u015fayi\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n ilhamlanan h\u0259r\u0259kat f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir. 2018-ci ilin mart ay\u0131nda ba\u015f ver\u0259n \u015fidd\u0259t hadis\u0259l\u0259ri zaman\u0131 h\u00f6kum\u0259t Facebook v\u0259 WhatsApp-a, habel\u0259 Viber\u0259 giri\u015fi bir h\u0259ft\u0259 m\u00fcdd\u0259tind\u0259 qada\u011fan etdi. S\u0259b\u0259b olaraq Facebookun f\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 v\u0259ziyy\u0259t zaman\u0131 yet\u0259rinc\u0259 reaksiya g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259diyi bildirildi.<\/p>\n

                    Sosial media nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rini k\u00f6r\u00fckl\u0259yir. Sosial media demokratiya f\u0259allar\u0131n\u0131 motivasiya etm\u0259sin\u0259 imkan ver\u0259n eyni texnologiya, t\u0259\u015fkilat v\u0259 i\u015f\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259k ist\u0259y\u0259n nifr\u0259t qruplar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n istifad\u0259 edil\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bu h\u0259m d\u0259 konspirasiya n\u0259z\u0259riy\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 daxil olmaqla innovativ saytlar\u0131n \u0259sas oxucu auditoriyas\u0131ndan daha geni\u015f auditoriyaya \u00e7atmas\u0131na imkan verir. M\u0259lumdur ki, onlayn platformalar\u0131n i\u015f modell\u0259ri oxu v\u0259 bax\u0131\u015f vaxtlar\u0131n\u0131 maksimuma \u00e7atd\u0131rmaqdan as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Facebook v\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259r platformalar reklamver\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 tama\u015fa\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 h\u0259d\u0259f alma\u011fa imkan ver\u0259r\u0259k pul qazand\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n \u0259n \u00e7ox vaxt s\u0259rf ed\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259ri icmalar\u0131 tapmaqda maraql\u0131d\u0131r [25].<\/p>\n

                    \u0130stifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rin onlayn t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259ri \u00e7ox vaxt ist\u0259m\u0259d\u0259n h\u0259ddind\u0259n art\u0131q m\u0259zmunu t\u0259\u015fviq ed\u0259n h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259rini art\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f alqoritml\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir. B\u0259zi veb n\u0259zar\u0259t\u00e7i qruplar\u0131 bir videonun sonunda oyun\u00e7unun \u0259laq\u0259li bir video haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 YouTube-un avtomatik oynatma funksiyas\u0131n\u0131n x\u00fcsusil\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259rli ola bil\u0259c\u0259yini s\u00f6yl\u0259yirl\u0259r. Alqoritm insanlar\u0131 sui-q\u0259sd n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259rini t\u0259bli\u011f ed\u0259n v\u0259 ya ba\u015fqa \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 “b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc, yan\u0131ld\u0131c\u0131 v\u0259 ya yalan” videolara y\u00f6n\u0259ldir. Sosioloq Zeynep Tufek\u00e7inin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, “YouTube sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si XXI \u0259srin \u0259n g\u00fccl\u00fc radikalla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 al\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n biri ola bil\u0259r” [34].<\/p>\n

                    YouTube 2019-cu ilin iyun ay\u0131nda yanvar ay\u0131nda edil\u0259n t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 alqoritmind\u0259ki d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rin dezinformasiya yaymaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u201cs\u0259rh\u0259dyan\u0131 m\u0259zmun\u201d hesab edil\u0259n videolara bax\u0131\u015flar\u0131n iki d\u0259f\u0259 azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. O zaman \u015firk\u0259t, neo-nasist v\u0259 a\u011f irq\u00e7ilik m\u0259zmunlu videolar\u0131 sayt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131xaraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da elan etmi\u015fdi. Yen\u0259 d\u0259 platforma nifr\u0259t nitqini cilovlamaq s\u0259yl\u0259rinin kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r uza\u011fa getm\u0259diyin\u0259 dair t\u0259nqidl\u0259rl\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015fdi. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, t\u0259nqid\u00e7il\u0259r qeyd edirl\u0259r ki, bir jurnalistin homofobik t\u0259cav\u00fcz\u00fcn\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olan videolar\u0131 silm\u0259k \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259, YouTube qanun pozuntusu olan istifad\u0259\u00e7inin reklam g\u0259lirl\u0259rind\u0259 payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 dayand\u0131r\u0131b.<\/p>\n

                    Platformalarda qaydalar\u0131n nec\u0259 t\u0259tbiq edilm\u0259si d\u0259 ayr\u0131ca problemdir. Sosial media platformalar\u0131, s\u00fcni intellekt, istifad\u0259\u00e7i hesabat\u0131 v\u0259 m\u0259zmun moderatorlar\u0131 kimi tan\u0131nan i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259r uy\u011fun m\u0259zmuna dair qaydalar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259tbiq etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir araya g\u0259lir. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, moderatorlar m\u0259zmunun b\u00f6y\u00fck h\u0259cmi v\u0259 narahat postlar\u0131 silm\u0259kl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 h\u0259dd\u0259n art\u0131q i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc il\u0259 y\u00fckl\u0259nirl\u0259r v\u0259 sosial media \u015firk\u0259tl\u0259ri xidm\u0259t etdikl\u0259ri bir \u00e7ox bazarda b\u0259rab\u0259r miqdarda v\u0259sait s\u0259rf etmirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                    \u201cProPublica\u201d platformas\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015fd\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, Facebook qaydalar\u0131n\u0131n istifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 qeyri-\u015f\u0259ffaf oldu\u011funu v\u0259 m\u0259zmunun idar\u0259 edilm\u0259sind\u0259 uy\u011funsuz \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olundu\u011funu t\u0259sbit edib [27].\u00a0 F\u0259l\u0259stin \u0259razil\u0259ri, K\u0259\u015fmir v\u0259 Kr\u0131m kimi bir \u00e7ox m\u00fcbahis\u0259li \u0259razil\u0259rd\u0259 aktivistl\u0259r v\u0259 jurnalistl\u0259r senzuraya m\u0259ruz qoyulub, \u00e7\u00fcnki Facebook milli bazarlara \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131 qoruma\u011fa v\u0259 ya \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0259crid etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u015eirk\u0259t qanuni m\u0259suliyy\u0259t v\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi qaydalar\u0131na, elitalara v\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259, yerli aktivistl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 irqi azl\u0131qlara \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verir.<\/p>\n

                    D\u00fcnyan\u0131n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 apar\u0131lan ara\u015fd\u0131rmalarda\u00a0 mediamaqnat v\u0259 Facebookun r\u0259hb\u0259ri Mark Zukkerberqd\u0259n \u0259sas m\u0259zmun, se\u00e7ki b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fcy\u00fc, m\u0259xfilik v\u0259 m\u0259lumat standartlar\u0131n\u0131n qurulmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qlobal qaydalar\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilm\u0259si t\u0259l\u0259b edilib.<\/p>\n

                    Platformalar\u0131n s\u00fcni intellektinin yerli dill\u0259r\u0259 z\u0259if uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 \u015firk\u0259tl\u0259rin bu dild\u0259 s\u0259lis i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259n kadrlara az s\u0259rmay\u0259 yat\u0131rmas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259 probleml\u0259r yaran\u0131r. Reuters-in verdiyi m\u0259lumata g\u00f6r\u0259, 2015-ci ilin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259n etibar\u0259n Burma dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan Myanmada v\u0259ziyy\u0259t \u00e7ox a\u011f\u0131r olub. Halbuki, 2012-ci ild\u0259 k\u00fctl\u0259vi antiislam dal\u011fas\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131qdan sonra ekspertl\u0259r uzun ill\u0259r davam ed\u0259n avtoritar sistemd\u0259n sonra Facebookda yenic\u0259 qo\u015fulmu\u015f auditoriyaya nifr\u0259t nitqini yayan ultramill\u0259t\u00e7i buddist monarxlar\u0131n m\u00fchiti bar\u0259d\u0259 x\u0259b\u0259rdarl\u0131q etmi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n

                    N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259, Facebook 700 y\u00fcz min rohingyal\u0131n\u0131n Banqlade\u015f\u0259 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilm\u0259sind\u0259n sonra passiv f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyini etiraf etdi. BMT-nin insan haqlar\u0131 paneli Myanmar\u0131n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rinin soyq\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 oldu\u011funu bildir\u0259n bir hesabatda \u015firk\u0259tin ad\u0131n\u0131 x\u00fcsusi vur\u011fulad\u0131. \u015eirk\u0259t 2018-ci ilin avqust ay\u0131nda h\u0259rbi m\u0259murlar\u0131n platformadan \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131n\u0131 qada\u011fan etdi v\u0259 yerli dild\u0259 s\u0259lis dan\u0131\u015fan moderator say\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131na s\u00f6z verdi.<\/p>\n

                    \u00d6lk\u0259l\u0259r onlayn nifr\u0259t nitqini <\/strong>nec\u0259 t\u0259nziml\u0259yir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    S\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n kommunikasiya texnologiyalar\u0131 t\u0259hrik v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li dezinformasiyaya n\u0259zar\u0259t v\u0259 cavabland\u0131rma il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 texniki probleml\u0259r yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, m\u00fcasir demokratiyalar bir \u00e7ox suallarla \u00fczl\u0259\u015fib. AB\u015e-da sosial media platformalar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259r biri f\u0259aliyy\u0259t, m\u0259zmun v\u0259 t\u0259tbiqetm\u0259 metodlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6z standartlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirir. Onlar\u0131n \u0259saslar\u0131 \u201cRabit\u0259 qaydalar\u0131 haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanundan ir\u0259li g\u0259lir. 1996-c\u0131 il qanunu texnoloji platformalar\u0131 istifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259tbiq edil\u0259 bil\u0259n dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlara g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259td\u0259n azad edir. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, jurnallar v\u0259 televiziya \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri yalan oldu\u011funu bildikl\u0259ri b\u00f6htan xarakterli m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 yayd\u0131qlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 veril\u0259 bil\u0259r, lakin sosial media platformalar\u0131 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 olan m\u0259zmuna g\u00f6r\u0259 eyni d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131m\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 <\/strong>ba\u011fl\u0131 h\u00fcquqi mexanizml\u0259r – nifr\u0259t <\/strong>nitqi qanunvericiliyi <\/strong>(hate speech law)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 probleml\u0259ri bir \u00e7ox d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin qanunvericiliyind\u0259 m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutur. Qeyd edilm\u0259lidir ki, ayr\u0131ca \u201cNifr\u0259t dili haqq\u0131nda qanun\u201dlar adlanan h\u00fcquqi s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259r olduqca azd\u0131r. Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rinin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif aspektl\u0259ri \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin cinay\u0259t m\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 – h\u0259m\u00e7inin etnik v\u0259 dini nifr\u0259t oyatmas\u0131n\u0131n yolverilm\u0259zliyini, ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 ya qruplara qar\u015f\u0131 irqi, etnik, milliyy\u0259t, d\u0259ri r\u0259ngin\u0259 v\u0259 ya dinin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyin\u00a0 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131, irq\u00e7i nitq, etnik h\u0259qar\u0259tin t\u0259bli\u011fi, nifr\u0259t v\u0259 ya h\u00f6rm\u0259tsizliyin qada\u011fan olunmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min ed\u0259n qanunlar, h\u00fcquqi aktlar, m\u0259tbuat kodeksl\u0259ri, profilaktik, \u0259m\u0259liyyat-axtar\u0131\u015f, siyasi, iqtisadi v\u0259 dig\u0259r normativ s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259ksini tapan m\u00fcdd\u0259alarla \u0259hat\u0259 olunur.<\/p>\n

                      II D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259n sonra bir \u00e7ox d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r irqi v\u0259 dini nifr\u0259tin q\u0131z\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qanunlar q\u0259bul etdil\u0259r. Bu qanunlar Holokosta s\u0259b\u0259b olan antisemit t\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcbke\u015flik t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rind\u0259n qorunmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yarad\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, nifr\u0259t nitqi insanlara irq, din, etnik m\u0259n\u015f\u0259 v\u0259 cinsi oriyentasiya \u0259sas\u0131nda h\u00fccum ed\u0259n v\u0259 t\u0259hqir ed\u0259n nitqdir. \u0130nternet m\u0259kan\u0131nda saxta x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259rin (fake news) t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li h\u0259dd\u0259 \u00e7atmas\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n t\u0259sirinin qorxunc n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 qanunverici\u00a0 \u0259saslar\u0131 yenid\u0259n n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irm\u0259yin vacibliyini g\u00fcnd\u0259m\u0259 g\u0259tirib.<\/p>\n

                      T\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n q\u0259na\u0259tin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r konkret olaraq \u201cnifr\u0259t nitqinin istehlak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131\u201dna \u00e7evrilm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Nifr\u0259t nitqi fiziki t\u0259zyiql\u0259rd\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq, daha \u201cyum\u015faq\u201d olmaqla yana\u015f\u0131, eyni d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 daha z\u0259r\u0259rli t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir, d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcy\u00fc azald\u0131r, ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyi t\u0259bli\u011f edir, universal d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 z\u0259rb\u0259 vurur.<\/p>\n

                      Haz\u0131rda nifr\u0259t dilini m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131ran h\u00fcquqi mexanizml\u0259rin t\u0259tbiqi demokratiyan\u0131n yeni tendensiyas\u0131na \u00e7evrilib. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n 37 \u00f6lk\u0259sind\u0259 analoji qanunlar\u0131n q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259lumat m\u00f6vcuddur. Qanun q\u0259bul ed\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r s\u0131ras\u0131nda Avstraliya, Bel\u00e7ika, Braziliya, Kanada, \u00c7ili, Xorvatiya, Danimarka, Estoniya, Finlandiya, Fransa, Almaniya, Yunan\u0131stan, \u0130slandiya, Hindistan, \u0130ndoneziya, \u0130rlandiya, Yaponiya, \u0130ordaniya, Keniya, Malta, Niderland, Yeni Zelandiya, Norve\u00e7, Pol\u015fa, Rum\u0131niya, Rusiya, Serbiya, Sinqapur, C\u0259nubi Afrika, \u0130spaniya, \u0130sve\u00e7, \u0130sve\u00e7r\u0259, Ukrayna, Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f \u018fr\u0259b \u018fmirlikl\u0259ri, Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131q yer al\u0131r [42, s. 27].<\/p>\n

                      Qeyd etdiyimiz kimi, AT\u018fT DT\u0130HB-in 2008-ci ild\u0259 haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cNifr\u0259t Cinay\u0259t Qanunlar\u0131 \/ Praktiki R\u0259hb\u0259r prinsipl\u0259r\u201d adl\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259dd\u0259\u00a0 \u0259sas suallardan biri bel\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259nir: \u201cNifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri yeni cinay\u0259t n\u00f6v\u00fc, yoxsa m\u00f6vcud c\u0259zalar\u0131n daha da s\u0259rtl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sidir?\u201d<\/p>\n

                      Az\u0259rbaycan da daxil olmaqla m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin qanunvericiliyinin n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si bel\u0259 bir q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259y\u0259 imkan verir ki, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri yeni cinay\u0259t n\u00f6v\u00fc olmaqdan daha \u00e7ox m\u00f6vcud c\u0259zalar\u0131n daha da s\u0259rtl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si kimi \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fcruz\u0259 verir. Ayr\u0131ca nifr\u0259t haqq\u0131nda qanunlar\u0131n q\u0259bul edilm\u0259m\u0259si d\u0259 bununla izah edil\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                      Dig\u0259r \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 odur ki, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 baxark\u0259n nifr\u0259tin motivinin ayd\u0131n \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si v\u0259 m\u0259hz buna g\u00f6r\u0259 c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 t\u0259min edilm\u0259lidir. B\u0259z\u0259n nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rinin m\u00fchakim\u0259 olunmas\u0131nda cinay\u0259tkar\u0131n qurban se\u00e7m\u0259 motivasiyas\u0131ndan (m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, irq, milliyy\u0259t v\u0259 ya etnik m\u0259n\u015f\u0259y\u0259 \u0259saslanaraq) \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 b\u0259hs edilmir. Bu v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259 cinay\u0259tkar\u0131n c\u0259zas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fqalar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7\u0259kindirici t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259sini t\u0259min etm\u0259k imkan\u0131 \u0259ld\u0259n verilir. T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 ondad\u0131r ki, h\u0259m qurban, h\u0259m d\u0259 cinay\u0259tkar d\u00f6vl\u0259tin cinay\u0259t\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olan nifr\u0259t motivini ciddi q\u0259bul etm\u0259m\u0259sini ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr, bundan sui-istifad\u0259 edir, yaxud c\u0259za qeyri-adekvat olur.<\/p>\n

                      B\u0259zi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin (Kanada v\u0259 s.) cinay\u0259t qanunvericiliyind\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259dil\u0259n cinay\u0259t \u0259m\u0259lind\u0259 nifaq yaratmaq niyy\u0259tinin (nifr\u0259tin motivasiyas\u0131n\u0131n <\/em>– L.\u018f.), ya da sabitliyinin pozulma ehtimal\u0131 olmas\u0131 z\u0259ruri hesab edilirs\u0259, dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 (Fransa, Almaniya, Danimarka, Niderland v\u0259 s.), bu niyy\u0259t v\u0259 onun sabitliyi pozan n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmadan, yaln\u0131z nifr\u0259t nitqinin m\u0259zmununa g\u00f6r\u0259\u00a0 bunu t\u00f6r\u0259d\u0259n \u015f\u0259xs m\u0259hkum edil\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                      Fransada v\u0259zif\u0259si irq\u00e7iliy\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 olan QHT-l\u0259rin irq\u00e7ilik faktlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 t\u0259kc\u0259 m\u00fclki deyil, cinay\u0259t i\u015fl\u0259ri d\u0259 a\u00e7maq h\u00fcququ var. \u00dcmumilikd\u0259,\u0259ks\u0259r iddialar h\u00fcquq orqanlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n deyil, anti-irq\u00e7i QHT-l\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ba\u015flan\u0131l\u0131r. D\u00f6vl\u0259t ittiham\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259si il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 onlar\u0131n ist\u0259yi il\u0259 ba\u015flayan i\u015fd\u0259 i\u015ftirak etm\u0259k h\u00fcququna malikdir v\u0259 m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259q olarsa, m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 i\u015fin\u0259 s\u0259rf etdikl\u0259ri x\u0259rcl\u0259rini \u00f6z xeyirl\u0259rin\u0259 (c\u0259zalara \u0259lav\u0259) b\u0259rpa ed\u0259 bil\u0259r. Yaxud Niderland Ali M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259si, bir qrup insan\u0131n irqi v\u0259 ya dini \u0259sasl\u0131 ifad\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259hqir edilm\u0259sini, bunu d\u0259rc ed\u0259n \u015f\u0259xsin niyy\u0259ti il\u0259 deyil, ifad\u0259nin \u00f6z\u00fc il\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etdiyini bildirib.<\/p>\n

                      Kanadada \u0259ksin\u0259 bu cinay\u0259t \u00fcmumi bir qanun pozuntusudur v\u0259 dini duy\u011fular\u0131 t\u0259hqir etdiyin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259t\u0259 c\u0259lb olunmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ictimai bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 t\u0259hdid etdiyin\u0259 dair s\u00fcbutlar t\u0259qdim edilm\u0259lidir. B\u0259zi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 (Norve\u00e7, \u0130sve\u00e7) media r\u0259hb\u0259rl\u0259ri, redaktorlar irq\u00e7i ifad\u0259l\u0259ri \u00f6z m\u0259tbu orqanlar\u0131nda yay\u0131mlama\u011fa g\u00f6r\u0259 cavabdehlik da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

                      Almaniyada ke\u00e7\u0259n \u0259srin 80-ci ill\u0259rinin ortalar\u0131ndan Konstitusiyada ekstremist t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n ist\u0259nil\u0259n f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini qada\u011fan ed\u0259n x\u00fcsusi d\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fl\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur. Almaniya Federativ Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n (AFR) \u0259sas qanununda qeyd edilir ki, \u015f\u0259xsi inanc\u0131ndan, dini v\u0259 ya siyasi bax\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq he\u00e7 kim\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259r yetiril\u0259 bilm\u0259z; \u015f\u0259xsi inanc, d\u00fcnyag\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc v\u0259 dini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r toxunulmazd\u0131r; d\u00f6vl\u0259t dini ayinl\u0259rin mane\u0259siz yerin\u0259 yetirilm\u0259sin\u0259 z\u0259man\u0259t verir; m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259ri v\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti cinay\u0259t qanunlar\u0131na zidd olan v\u0259 ya konstitusiya qurulu\u015funa v\u0259 ya xalqlar aras\u0131nda qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 anla\u015fma fikirl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015f birlikl\u0259r qada\u011fand\u0131r; m\u00fclki v\u0259 siyasi h\u00fcquqlardan istifad\u0259, d\u00f6vl\u0259t qullu\u011funa daxil olmaq, habel\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t qullu\u011funda \u0259ld\u0259 edilmi\u015f h\u00fcquqlar dini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rd\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 deyildir (3,4,9,33-c\u00fc madd\u0259l\u0259r).<\/p>\n

                      AFR-in Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259sind\u0259 dini icma v\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n t\u0259hqir olunmas\u0131na, dini ayinl\u0259rin icras\u0131na mane olma\u011fa, habel\u0259 bu c\u00fcr h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r ictimai qaydan\u0131n pozulmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olarsa, dini ayinl\u0259rin, kultlar\u0131n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sin\u0259 mane olma\u011fa g\u00f6r\u0259 3 il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r azadl\u0131qdan m\u0259hrum etm\u0259 c\u0259zas\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulur (130,160-c\u0131 madd\u0259l\u0259r).<\/p>\n

                      \u00a0<\/strong>AB\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      AB\u015e-da \u201cnifr\u0259t\u201d cinay\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 qanunlar\u0131n, AB\u015e Konstitusiyas\u0131na Birinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fd\u0259 (First Ammendment) yer alan s\u00f6z azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259minat\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 v\u0259 s. h\u00fcquqi \u0259saslar oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ayr\u0131ca qanunlar yoxdur. Bu aspektd\u0259, Amerikada ayr\u0131ca nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri deyil, c\u0259zalar\u0131n s\u0259rtl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 qanunlara edil\u0259n \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n dan\u0131\u015fmaq olar. Ziyanl\u0131 ifad\u0259l\u0259rin, pis, kobud, qeyri-v\u0259t\u0259np\u0259rv\u0259r \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015flar\u0131n, yaxud insanlar\u0131n q\u0131naya bil\u0259c\u0259yi ba\u015fqa n\u00f6v dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar\u0131n h\u00fcquqi t\u0259rifi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimi, AB\u015e qanunlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, nifr\u0259t nitqinin d\u0259 qanuni t\u0259rifi yoxdur. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, t\u0259dqiqatlarda, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, nifr\u0259t nitqi, natiql\u0259rin irq, din, cins kimliyi v\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyi, etnik m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259t, milli m\u0259n\u015f\u0259, \u0259lilliy\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 bir qrupa v\u0259 ya qruplara qar\u015f\u0131 b\u00f6htan atmaq, al\u00e7altmaq v\u0259 ya nifr\u0259t oyatmaq ist\u0259dikl\u0259ri h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir ifad\u0259 formas\u0131 oldu\u011fu fikri q\u0259bul edilir. [33, s.71].<\/p>\n

                      AB\u015e-da nifr\u0259t nitqi Konstitusiyaya Birinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fl\u0259 (First Ammendment) qorunur. M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259r bu m\u00fcdafi\u0259ni Birinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fd\u0259n, h\u00f6kum\u0259td\u0259n ictimai m\u00fcbahis\u0259li m\u00f6vzularda ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259d\u0259rl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259, hirsl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 v\u0259 ya qorxusuna s\u0259b\u0259b olan xo\u015fag\u0259lm\u0259z, t\u0259hqiramiz v\u0259 ya nifr\u0259t dolu bir dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q hal\u0131na g\u0259ls\u0259 bel\u0259 ciddi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 qoruma\u011f\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259b edir. M\u00f6vcud Birinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015f h\u00fcquq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u0259sas\u0259n, nifr\u0259t nitqi yaln\u0131z qa\u00e7\u0131lmaz cinay\u0259t f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini t\u0259hrik etdikd\u0259 v\u0259 ya bir \u015f\u0259xs\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015f x\u00fcsusi zorak\u0131l\u0131q t\u0259hdidl\u0259rind\u0259n ibar\u0259t olduqda cinay\u0259t hesab edil\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                      AB\u015e Federal T\u0259hqiqat B\u00fcrosu statistik m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n toplan\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 nifr\u0259t \u0259m\u0259lini \u201ccinay\u0259tin irqi, dini, \u0259lilliyi, cinsi oriyentasiyas\u0131, d\u0259ri r\u0259ngi v\u0259 milli m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yi daxil olmaqla etnik m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259ti v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00f6v v\u0259 ya qism\u0259n motivasiya olunan bir \u015f\u0259xs\u0259 v\u0259 ya \u0259mlaka qar\u015f\u0131 cinay\u0259t \u0259m\u0259li\u201d olaraq t\u0259yin etmi\u015fdir. Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 ya m\u00fclkiyy\u0259t\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u015fidd\u0259t, m\u00fclki h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n pozulmas\u0131 v\u0259 ya m\u0259hrum edilm\u0259si, b\u0259zi “h\u0259qiqi t\u0259hdidl\u0259r” v\u0259 ya bu cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri t\u00f6r\u0259tm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259d\u0259-qorxu v\u0259 ya q\u0259sd \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259rini \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n a\u00e7\u0131q h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rdir. Ali M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 m\u00fctt\u0259himin irqi, etnik m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259ti, \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259ti v\u0259 ya inanc\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 qurban\u0131n h\u0259d\u0259f al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcbuta yetir\u0259rs\u0259, bu h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259ri cinay\u0259t hesab ed\u0259n v\u0259 ya daha s\u0259rt bir c\u0259za t\u0259tbiq ed\u0259n qanunlar\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259d\u0259 saxlay\u0131r. Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259ti t\u0259hqiramiz nitq v\u0259 ya davran\u0131\u015fdan daha \u00e7ox vandalizm v\u0259 od vurma-yand\u0131rma kimi \u0259mlak cinay\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n tutmu\u015f, h\u0259d\u0259-qorxu, h\u00fccum v\u0259 q\u0259tl hadis\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259snif edil\u0259n x\u00fcsusi cinay\u0259t davran\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rinin qurbanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dini t\u0259\u015fkilatlar v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurumlar\u0131 il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 f\u0259rdl\u0259r d\u0259 ola bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                      \u201cTime\u201d q\u0259zetinin ke\u00e7mi\u015f redaktoru, \u201cM\u0259lumat m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259ri\u201dnin m\u00fc\u0259llifi v\u0259 2013-2016-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 D\u00f6vl\u0259t Departamentinin ictimai diplomatiya v\u0259 ictimai i\u015fl\u0259r \u00fczr\u0259 m\u00fc\u015faviri olan Ri\u00e7ard Stengelin 2019-cu ild\u0259 \u201cVa\u015finqton Post\u201dda d\u0259rc olunan \u201cNiy\u0259 Amerikan\u0131n nifr\u0259t dili qanununa ehtiyac\u0131 var\u201d adl\u0131 m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259 qeyd edilir: \u201cJurnalist oldu\u011fum zaman hakim Oliver Vendell Holmesin (amerikal\u0131 h\u00fcquq\u015f\u00fcnas) Konstitusiya v\u0259 Birinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fin yaln\u0131z \u201cbiziml\u0259 raz\u0131la\u015fanlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn azad d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259ni, nifr\u0259t etdiyimiz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d qorumaq oldu\u011funu iddia etm\u0259sini \u00e7ox sevirdim. Lakin d\u00fcnyadak\u0131 azad s\u00f6z f\u0259zil\u0259tl\u0259rini m\u00fcdafi\u0259 ed\u0259n bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259muru olaraq Birinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015f standart\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n nec\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131m. Birinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fin kim\u0259s\u0259 Quran\u0131 yand\u0131rmas\u0131na n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn icaz\u0259 verdiyini ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259diyim \u0259n inki\u015faf etmi\u015f \u0259r\u0259b diplomatlar\u0131 da m\u0259nd\u0259n soru\u015fdular ki, ax\u0131 niy\u0259 bunu qorumaq ist\u0259rdiniz? Bu, \u0259dal\u0259tli bir suald\u0131r. B\u0259li, Birinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015f \u201cnifr\u0259t etdiyimiz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259ni\u201d qoruyur, lakin bir qrupun dig\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u015fidd\u0259t\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b ola bil\u0259c\u0259yi nifr\u0259t dolu nitqi qorumamal\u0131d\u0131r… Unutmamal\u0131y\u0131q ki, Birinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015f (First Ammendment) yaln\u0131z yax\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 qorumur; \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, c\u0259miyy\u0259timizi z\u0259ifl\u0259tm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn arxas\u0131nda gizl\u0259n\u0259n h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir pis aktoru qoruyur\u201d [29].<\/p>\n

                      AB\u015e-\u0131n Brukinqs \u0130nstitutunun \u0259m\u0259kda\u015f\u0131 Ceyms Kir\u00e7ik Avropa v\u0259 AB\u015e-da nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 qanunverici \u0259saslar\u0131 m\u00fcqayis\u0259li t\u0259hlil edib. Onun fikrin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, b\u0259zi m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259r \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259n sonrak\u0131 d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Avropan\u0131n nifr\u0259t nitq qanunlar\u0131n\u0131 AB\u015e-\u0131n t\u0259qlid etm\u0259si laz\u0131m olan m\u00fcsb\u0259t n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r olaraq t\u0259qdim edir. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Avropan\u0131n bolluqla \u00f6y\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f qaydalar\u0131nda siyasi \u015fidd\u0259ti v\u0259 ekstremizmi azaltmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn f\u0259aliyy\u0259t\u0259 dair bir d\u0259lil yoxdur. \u018fksin\u0259, nifr\u0259t nitqi qanunlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n fikir v\u0259 ifad\u0259l\u0259ri cinay\u0259t bax\u0131m\u0131ndan tabu-qada\u011fa ed\u0259r\u0259k, yaln\u0131z m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qurduqlar\u0131 fenomenl\u0259ri t\u0259\u015fviq edib. Ceyms Kir\u00e7ik qeyd edir ki, \u201c2016-c\u0131 ild\u0259 AB\u015e-da ke\u00e7iril\u0259n prezident se\u00e7kil\u0259rind\u0259 Kremlin sponsorlu\u011fu il\u0259 Hillari Klintona qar\u015f\u0131 yay\u0131mlanan dezinformasiya kampaniyas\u0131n\u0131 dayand\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Amerikan\u0131n \u201cBirinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015f\u201din intellektual dayaqlar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u00e7mi\u015fd\u0259 daha sad\u0259 bir d\u00f6vr \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirildi. Nifr\u0259t nitqinin d\u0259 istifad\u0259 edildiyi dezinformasiya il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Birinci D\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fi q\u0259bul etm\u0259yimiz\u0259 ehtiyac yoxdur. Reall\u0131qda ondan daha \u00e7ox v\u0259 daha a\u011f\u0131ll\u0131 istifad\u0259 etm\u0259liyik. M\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, dezinformasiya v\u0259 nifr\u0259t dolu dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar\u0131n ziyanl\u0131 t\u0259sirl\u0259rini azaltmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 strategiya daha m\u0259lumatl\u0131, savadl\u0131 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259siz ki, problemi aradan qald\u0131rma\u011f\u0131n dig\u0259r daha t\u0259sirli yolu \u201csaxta (feyk) x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259ri\u201d qada\u011fan etm\u0259k deyil, media savadl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na v\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f maarifl\u0259ndirilm\u0259sin\u0259 investisiya qoymaqd\u0131r\u201d [10].<\/p>\n

                      Yaponiyan\u0131n nifr\u0259t nitqi t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      Yaponiyada qeyd edil\u0259n sah\u0259 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 2016-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u201cNifr\u0259t Nitqi Akt\u0131\u201d (Hate Speech Act of 2016 (Japan)\u201d q\u0259bul edilib. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, \u201c\u00d6lk\u0259 xaricind\u0259n g\u0259lmi\u015f \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u0259dal\u0259tsiz ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik nitqinin v\u0259 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn c\u0259hdl\u0259rin t\u0259bli\u011fi haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanun da m\u00f6vcuddur. Yaponiyan\u0131n qanunverici orqan\u0131n\u0131n ilk d\u0259f\u0259 nifr\u0259t \u0259leyhin\u0259 nitq qanununu q\u0259bul etm\u0259si irqi ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyin dayand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli add\u0131m oldu. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6st\u0259rildiyi kimi, beyn\u0259lxalq insan haqlar\u0131 qurumlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259ri bu h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259\u015fviq etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

                      H\u0259l\u0259 2014-c\u00fc ild\u0259 BMT-nin \u0130rqi Ayr\u0131-Se\u00e7kiliyin L\u0259\u011fvi Komit\u0259si (CERD) Yaponiya h\u00f6kum\u0259tin\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin qanunvericilikl\u0259 t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259sini t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 etmi\u015fdi. Komit\u0259 Koreya sakinl\u0259rini h\u0259d\u0259f alan Shin Okubo, Tokio, Tsuruha\u015fi, Osaka \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259ki irq\u00e7i ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik n\u00fcmayi\u015fl\u0259rinin artmas\u0131ndan narahat idi.<\/p>\n

                      Komit\u0259 \u0259cn\u0259bi n\u00fcmayi\u015fl\u0259r v\u0259 mitinql\u0259r t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n sa\u011f\u00e7\u0131 h\u0259r\u0259katlar v\u0259 ya qruplar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n, x\u00fcsus\u0259n koreyal\u0131lara qar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259 yax\u0131n zamanda zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011fa t\u0259\u015fviq edilm\u0259si daxil olmaqla, nifr\u0259t nitqinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259n, h\u0259m\u00e7inin d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259murlar\u0131 v\u0259 siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n\u00a0 nifr\u0259t t\u0259hrikin\u0259 dair hesabatlardan, nifr\u0259t nitqinin t\u0259bli\u011fi, mitinql\u0259r zaman\u0131 v\u0259 internet daxil olmaqla mediada irq\u00e7i \u015fidd\u0259tin t\u0259\u015fviq edilm\u0259sind\u0259n, bundan \u0259lav\u0259, bu c\u00fcr h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rin h\u0259r zaman i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n laz\u0131m\u0131nca ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fchakim\u0259 olunmamas\u0131ndan narahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilirib (Madd\u0259 4).<\/p>\n

                      Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, Komit\u0259 i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 irq\u00e7i nifr\u0259t v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n qorunma\u011fa ehtiyac\u0131 olan h\u0259ssas qruplar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n qorunmas\u0131n\u0131n vacibliyini xat\u0131rlad\u0131b. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131lar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn laz\u0131mi t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u0259sini t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edib:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Nifr\u0259t v\u0259 irq\u00e7iliyin t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rini, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 mitinql\u0259r zaman\u0131 irq\u00e7i \u015fidd\u0259t v\u0259 nifr\u0259ti t\u0259hrik etm\u0259kl\u0259 q\u0259tiyy\u0259tl\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmaq;<\/li>\n
                      2. \u0130nternet daxil olmaqla mediada nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcvafiq add\u0131mlar atmaq;<\/li>\n
                      3. \u015e\u0259xsl\u0259ri, habel\u0259 bu c\u00fcr h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n m\u0259sul olan t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rmaq v\u0259 laz\u0131m olduqda m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 verm\u0259k;<\/li>\n
                      4. Nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 nifr\u0259t t\u0259hriki yayan d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259murlar\u0131na v\u0259 siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcvafiq sanksiyalar t\u0259tbiq etm\u0259k;<\/li>\n
                      5. H\u0259m irqi ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olan q\u0259r\u0259zli fikirl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 mill\u0259tl\u0259r aras\u0131nda irqi v\u0259 etnik qruplar.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, BMT-nin \u0130nsan H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 Komit\u0259si d\u0259 ox\u015far t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r verib. \u00d6lk\u0259nin insan haqlar\u0131 v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 icmal\u0131nda Yaponiya h\u00f6kum\u0259tin\u0259 Koreya sakinl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u201cNifr\u0259t \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 irq\u00e7i k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259 kampaniyas\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar narahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirib v\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik ed\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn reklam f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin qada\u011fan edilm\u0259sini t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edib.<\/p>\n

                        \u201cYekun m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259r\u201dd\u0259 Komit\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 “yaln\u0131z yapon” n\u00fcmayi\u015fi kimi xaricil\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rinin geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259n narahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifad\u0259 edib. Komit\u0259 “Yaponiyan\u0131n cinay\u0259t v\u0259 m\u00fclki qanunvericiliyi onlar\u0131 laz\u0131mi d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 qorumur” q\u0259na\u0259tini b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcb.<\/p>\n

                        Bu c\u00fcr m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 \u0259saslanaraq Komit\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik v\u0259 zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011fa d\u0259v\u0259t ed\u0259n irqi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc v\u0259 ya nifr\u0259ti t\u0259bli\u011f ed\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn vasit\u0259l\u0259rin qada\u011fan edilm\u0259sini t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edib. Yaponiya h\u00f6kum\u0259tini cinay\u0259tkarlar\u0131 c\u0259zaland\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qaydalar haz\u0131rlama\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131b.<\/p>\n

                        Komit\u0259 koreyal\u0131lar, \u00e7inlil\u0259r v\u0259 ya burakumin kimi azl\u0131q qruplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczvl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259ti v\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyi t\u0259hrik ed\u0259n geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f irq\u00e7i nitql\u0259rd\u0259n, Cinay\u0259t v\u0259 M\u00fclki m\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ki bu h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 yet\u0259rinc\u0259 qorunma olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan narahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirib. Komit\u0259 ayr\u0131ca icaz\u0259 veril\u0259n \u00e7ox sayda ekstremist n\u00fcmayi\u015fd\u0259n, azl\u0131qlara, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n xarici t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 edil\u0259n t\u0259zyiq v\u0259 zorak\u0131l\u0131qdan v\u0259 “yaln\u0131z yaponca oxuyanlar\u201d kimi \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259rin \u00f6z\u0259l m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rilm\u0259sind\u0259n narahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifad\u0259 edib (Madd\u0259 2, 19, 20 v\u0259 27).<\/p>\n

                        T\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, d\u00f6vl\u0259t ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyi, d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyi v\u0259 ya \u015fidd\u0259ti t\u0259hrik ed\u0259n irqi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc v\u0259 ya nifr\u0259ti m\u00fcdafi\u0259 ed\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u0259bli\u011fat\u0131 v\u0259 bu t\u0259bli\u011fat\u0131 yaymaq m\u0259qs\u0259di da\u015f\u0131yan n\u00fcmayi\u015fl\u0259ri qada\u011fan etm\u0259lidir. \u0130\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t irq\u00e7iliy\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 maarifl\u0259ndirm\u0259 kampaniyalar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r resurs ay\u0131rmal\u0131 v\u0259 hakiml\u0259rin, prokurorlar\u0131n, polis m\u0259murlar\u0131n\u0131n nifr\u0259t v\u0259 irqi motivli cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri a\u015fkar etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259lim almas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259yl\u0259rini art\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t irq\u00e7i h\u00fccumlar\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq v\u0259 iddia edil\u0259n cinay\u0259tkarlar\u0131n h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fchakim\u0259 olunmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259qsirl\u0259ndirildiyi t\u0259qdird\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq sanksiyalarla c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn laz\u0131mi add\u0131mlar\u0131 atmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                        2012-ci ild\u0259 Malta Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259sin\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r edildi. 82A, 82C v\u0259 83B madd\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 gender kimliyi v\u0259 cinsi oriyentasiya c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259rini t\u0259f\u0259rr\u00fcatl\u0131 \u0259hat\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259ti v\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fcdd\u0259alar geni\u015fl\u0259ndirildi. Dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n, d\u0259yi\u015fiklik q\u0259r\u0259zli cinay\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 c\u0259zan\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 cinay\u0259tin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirdi. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, nifr\u0259t nitqini t\u0259nziml\u0259y\u0259n \u201cM\u0259tbuat haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanunun 6-c\u0131 madd\u0259sini d\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259 etdi. 2018-ci ild\u0259 bu c\u00fcr hadis\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259lumatland\u0131rmaq, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 saxlanmaq v\u0259 hesabatl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 asanla\u015fd\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Milli Polis Sistemind\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fiklik edildi [11].<\/p>\n

                        Malta Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259si 82A-82D madd\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 kimi h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli qada\u011fan edir:<\/p>\n

                        82A. (1) H\u0259r hans\u0131 bir t\u0259hdid, t\u0259hqir v\u0259 ya t\u0259hqiramiz s\u00f6zl\u0259rd\u0259n v\u0259 ya davran\u0131\u015fdan istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n, yaz\u0131l\u0131 v\u0259 ya \u00e7ap olunmu\u015f material vasit\u0259si il\u0259 zorak\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259 ya irqi v\u0259 ya dini t\u0259hrik etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259di g\u00fcd\u0259n, yaxud \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc bu \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 aparan, gender, cinsi oriyentasiya, irq, r\u0259ng, dil, etnik m\u0259n\u015f\u0259, din v\u0259 ya inanc, siyasi v\u0259 ya ba\u015fqa fikirl\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 dig\u0259r bir \u015f\u0259xs\u0259 v\u0259 ya qrupa qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t v\u0259 ya bu c\u00fcr \u015fidd\u0259ti ehtimal etm\u0259yi n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutan b\u00fct\u00fcn hallar alt\u0131 aydan on s\u0259kkiz ayad\u0259k m\u00fcdd\u0259t\u0259 azadl\u0131qdan m\u0259hrumetm\u0259 il\u0259 c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                        82B. Soyq\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011fa qar\u015f\u0131 cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri, bir qrup \u015f\u0259xs\u0259 v\u0259 ya bel\u0259 bir qrupun \u00fczv\u00fcn\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u0259ldilmi\u015f m\u00fcharib\u0259 cinay\u0259tl\u0259rini ictimai \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 r\u0259dd v\u0259 inkar ed\u0259n v\u0259 ya kobud \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u015f\u0259rh ed\u0259n, davran\u0131\u015f\u0131nda irq, r\u0259ng, din, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fl\u0131q, milli v\u0259 ya etnik m\u0259n\u015f\u0259y\u0259 istinad ed\u0259r\u0259k a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 hallara yol ver\u0259n:<\/p>\n

                        (a) h\u0259r hans\u0131 qrupa v\u0259 ya qrup \u00fczv\u00fcn\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 zorak\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259 ya nifr\u0259t hissini t\u0259hrik etm\u0259 ehtimal\u0131;<\/p>\n

                        (b) ictimai asayi\u015fi h\u0259d\u0259-qorxu g\u0259lm\u0259kl\u0259, t\u0259hqiramiz davran\u0131\u015fla t\u0259hdid etm\u0259k ehtimal\u0131 s\u0259kkiz aydan iki il\u0259d\u0259k m\u00fcdd\u0259t\u0259 azadl\u0131qdan m\u0259hrumetm\u0259 il\u0259 c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                        Bu madd\u0259l\u0259rin m\u0259zmunu – “soyq\u0131r\u0131m”, “insanl\u0131\u011fa qar\u015f\u0131 cinay\u0259tl\u0259r” v\u0259 “m\u00fcharib\u0259 cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri” 54A madd\u0259sind\u0259 (Beyn\u0259lxalq Cinay\u0259t M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259sinin Roma Statutunu Malta Qanununa \u00e7evir\u0259n m\u00fcdd\u0259alar) onlara verilmi\u015f eyni m\u0259nan\u0131 da\u015f\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                        (a) bel\u0259 bir \u015f\u0259xs\u0259 v\u0259 ya qrupa qar\u015f\u0131 zorak\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259 ya nifr\u0259t hissini t\u0259hrik etm\u0259 ehtimal\u0131; v\u0259 ya<\/p>\n

                        (b) ictimai qaydan\u0131 pozma ehtimal\u0131 olan v\u0259 ya h\u0259d\u0259-qorxu g\u0259l\u0259n, t\u0259hqiramiz v\u0259 ya t\u0259hqir ed\u0259n \u015f\u0259xs m\u0259hkum edildikd\u0259 s\u0259kkiz aydan iki il\u0259d\u0259k m\u00fcdd\u0259t\u0259 azadl\u0131qdan m\u0259hrumetm\u0259 il\u0259 c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                        (2) Bu madd\u0259nin m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bar\u0131\u015fa qar\u015f\u0131 cinay\u0259t a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131lardan ibar\u0259t davran\u0131\u015f dem\u0259kdir:<\/p>\n

                        (a) t\u0259cav\u00fcz m\u00fcharib\u0259sinin v\u0259 ya beyn\u0259lxalq m\u00fcqavil\u0259l\u0259rin, raz\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131n v\u0259 ya t\u0259minatlar\u0131n pozulmas\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fcharib\u0259nin planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, ba\u015flanmas\u0131 v\u0259 ya apar\u0131lmas\u0131;<\/p>\n

                        (b) (a) b\u0259ndind\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n h\u0259r hans\u0131 birinin yerin\u0259 yetirilm\u0259sin\u0259 dair \u00fcmumi bir planda i\u015ftirak etm\u0259k v\u0259 ya sui-q\u0259sd.<\/p>\n

                        82D. H\u0259r ikisi daxil olmaqla 82A-dan 82C-d\u0259k madd\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir cinay\u0259t\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k ed\u0259n, d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n v\u0259 ya t\u0259hrik ed\u0259n h\u0259r k\u0259s g\u00fcnahkard\u0131r v\u0259 cinay\u0259t\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k v\u0259 ya t\u0259hrik \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn veril\u0259n c\u0259zaya m\u0259hkum edilm\u0259kl\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                        Rusiya t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si <\/strong><\/p>\n

                        Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131nda (RF) “nifr\u0259t nitqi” problemi \u00e7oxmill\u0259tli v\u0259 \u00e7oxkonfessiyal\u0131 bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn x\u00fcsusil\u0259 aktual hesab edilir. Bu problem Rusiyada ba\u015f ver\u0259n son hadis\u0259l\u0259r, h\u0259m\u00e7inin Ukrayna il\u0259 m\u00fcharib\u0259 kontekstind\u0259 k\u0259skinl\u0259\u015fib. RF Konstitusiyan\u0131n 29-cu madd\u0259sinin 2-ci hiss\u0259si sosial, irqi, milli v\u0259 ya dini kin v\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyi t\u0259hrik ed\u0259n t\u0259bli\u011fat v\u0259 ya t\u0259\u015fviqat\u0131, sosial, irqi, milli, dini v\u0259 ya dil \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u0259bli\u011f edilm\u0259sini qada\u011fan edir.<\/p>\n

                        Sosial mediada \u015fidd\u0259t kontentinin artmas\u0131 fonunda, Rusiyada media f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin h\u00fcquqi t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sinin iki kriteriyan\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259si vacib say\u0131l\u0131r: bir t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k v\u0259 dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n nifr\u0259t nitqinin t\u0259zah\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn el\u0259 qanuni m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r yaratmaq ki, media azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131na x\u0259l\u0259l g\u0259tirilm\u0259sin.<\/p>\n

                        Rusiyada mediada nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 qanuni mexanizml\u0259ri olan daxili aktlar aras\u0131nda ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 \u201cRusiya federasiyas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fctl\u0259vi informasiya vasit\u0259l\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanun v\u0259 \u201cEkstremist faliyy\u0259t\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 haqq\u0131nda\u201d Federal Qanun, h\u0259m\u00e7inin Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259si qeyd edilir. 2002-ci il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u201cK\u00fctl\u0259vi informasiya vasit\u0259l\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanun median\u0131n milli, sinfi, sosial, dini d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fc v\u0259 ya nifr\u0259ti t\u0259hrik etm\u0259k v\u0259 m\u00fcharib\u0259ni t\u0259bli\u011f etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 etm\u0259sini media azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sui-istifad\u0259 formas\u0131 kimi q\u0259bul edib. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, mediada nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn dem\u0259k olar ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00fcquqi potensiallar haz\u0131rk\u0131 \u201cEkstremist f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259\u201d Qanununda c\u0259ml\u0259nib. Bu qanunun 1-ci madd\u0259sind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rini tam \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n ekstremist f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin t\u0259rifi yer al\u0131r (m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, K\u0130V-in v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n din\u0259, sosial, irqi, milli, dini v\u0259 ya dil m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259tin\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259snal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc v\u0259 ya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259bli\u011f etm\u0259y\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015f t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, t\u0259\u015fkili, haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 v\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sind\u0259ki f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259ri ekstremist f\u0259aliyy\u0259t kimi tan\u0131n\u0131r). Qanun median\u0131n yaln\u0131z m\u00fcst\u0259qil \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 ekstremist f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful ola bilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yini, eyni zamanda ekstremist f\u0259aliyy\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran v\u0259 ya bu c\u00fcr f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin z\u0259ruriliyini \u0259sasland\u0131ran, yaxud \u0259sasland\u0131rma\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran “ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n” ekstremist materiallar\u0131n\u0131 yaya bil\u0259c\u0259yini d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutur. Qanunun 8-ci madd\u0259si media f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin dayand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn eyni anda bir ne\u00e7\u0259 \u0259sas n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutur: H\u0259r hans\u0131 media qurumunun f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin\u0259 xitam verilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259k s\u0259b\u0259bi kimi qeydiyyata alan qurumu v\u0259 ya s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tli icra hakimiyy\u0259ti orqan\u0131, yaxud m\u00fcvafiq prokuror t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n veril\u0259n x\u0259b\u0259rdarl\u0131qdan m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 \u015fikay\u0259t edilm\u0259m\u0259si v\u0259 ya m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n m\u00fcbahis\u0259li x\u0259b\u0259rdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n qanuna uy\u011fun olaraq tan\u0131nmas\u0131 kimi v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259r misal g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259 bil\u0259r: yol verilmi\u015f pozuntular\u0131n aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u0259m\u0259si; x\u0259b\u0259rdarl\u0131q tarixind\u0259n etibar\u0259n on iki ay \u0259rzind\u0259 media t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259tind\u0259 ekstremizm \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259rinin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n yeni faktlar\u0131n t\u0259krarlanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0Bel\u0259likl\u0259, bu c\u00fcr v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u0259rait yaran\u0131r. Bel\u0259 bir sual da meydana \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r: K\u0130V-l\u0259rin f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin\u0259 xitam verilm\u0259si bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259k s\u0259lahiyy\u0259ti olan qurumlar\u0131n laz\u0131mi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259diyi hallarda n\u0259 edil\u0259c\u0259k? G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, bu h\u00fcququ bir s\u0131ra dig\u0259r subyektl\u0259r\u0259, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, ictimai birlikl\u0259r\u0259, qeyri-kommersiya t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131na v\u0259 s. verm\u0259k m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259tdir.<\/p>\n

                        Bir s\u0131ra hallarda nifr\u0259t nitqind\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259kd\u0259 g\u00fcnahland\u0131r\u0131lan media qurumunun f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin\u0259 Ekstremizm Qanunu \u0259sas\u0131nda deyil, 16-c\u0131 madd\u0259d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmu\u015f \u201cK\u00fctl\u0259vi \u0130nformasiya Vasit\u0259l\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanunla – qeydiyyatdan ke\u00e7\u0259n orqan\u0131n t\u0259l\u0259bi il\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n, yaxud il \u0259rzind\u0259 4-c\u00fc madd\u0259nin t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259rinin redakt\u0259si il\u0259 t\u0259krar pozuntular ba\u015f verdiyi halda s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tli icra orqan\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n xitam veril\u0259 bil\u0259r. Onu da qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259si yaln\u0131z median\u0131n redaksiya hey\u0259tinin t\u0259tbiq olunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u0259suliyy\u0259t m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirir.<\/p>\n

                        \u201cK\u00fctl\u0259vi informasiya vasit\u0259l\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanunun 59-cu madd\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, media azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sui-istifad\u0259 m\u00f6vcud qanunvericiliy\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq cinay\u0259t, inzibati v\u0259 intizam m\u0259suliyy\u0259tin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Ayd\u0131nd\u0131r ki, yuxar\u0131dak\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u0259suliyy\u0259t n\u00f6vl\u0259rind\u0259n yaln\u0131z inzibati m\u0259suliyy\u0259t media t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131na t\u0259tbiq edil\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                        M\u0259lumdur ki, nifr\u0259t nitqinin aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda jurnalist ictimaiyy\u0259tinin qurumlar\u0131, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fct\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259 sistemi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli rol oynay\u0131r. Rusiyada jurnalistin pe\u015f\u0259 etikas\u0131 qaydalar\u0131 bel\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilib: “Jurnalist f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin s\u0259b\u0259b ola bil\u0259c\u0259yi m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin, t\u0259qibl\u0259rin v\u0259 zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sini tam bilir. Jurnalist pe\u015f\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rini yerin\u0259 yetir\u0259rk\u0259n cins, irq, dil, din, siyasi v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r bax\u0131\u015flar, habel\u0259 sosial v\u0259 milli m\u0259n\u015f\u0259 \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259ri daxil olmaqla ekstremizm\u0259 v\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apar\u0131r. Jurnalist pe\u015f\u0259 diqq\u0259tinin obyektin\u0259 \u00e7evril\u0259n insanlar\u0131n \u015f\u0259r\u0259f v\u0259 l\u0259yaq\u0259tin\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259t edir. \u0130rqi, milliyy\u0259ti, r\u0259ngi, dini, sosial m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yi v\u0259 ya cinsi il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li v\u0259 ya bir insan\u0131n \u0259lilliyi v\u0259 ya x\u0259st\u0259liyi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 x\u0259b\u0259rd\u0259n v\u0259 ya \u015f\u0259rhl\u0259rd\u0259n \u00e7\u0259kinir.”<\/p>\n

                        Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131n\u0131n Prezidenti yan\u0131nda M\u0259lumat M\u00fcbahis\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fczr\u0259 M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 Palatas\u0131n\u0131n nifr\u0259t nitqi t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259ri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 kimidir:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Silahl\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131durman\u0131n mahiyy\u0259tini mill\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7ilik m\u00fcst\u0259visin\u0259 \u00e7evirm\u0259m\u0259k, b\u00fct\u00fcn etnik qruplarla \u0259laq\u0259li sabit m\u0259nfi stereotipin formala\u015fmas\u0131na imkan verm\u0259m\u0259k;<\/li>\n
                        2. Bir etnik qrupun dig\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc m\u0259qs\u0259dy\u00f6nl\u00fc \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 formala\u015fd\u0131rmamaq;<\/li>\n
                        3. Se\u00e7ki kampaniyas\u0131 zaman\u0131 milli t\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcbke\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259m\u0259k;<\/li>\n
                        4. Bir maraql\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259fi m\u00fcst\u0259qil \u015f\u0259rh\u00e7i kimi c\u0259lb etm\u0259m\u0259k;<\/li>\n
                        5. Cinay\u0259tl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda n\u0259\u015frl\u0259rd\u0259 cinay\u0259tkarlar\u0131n v\u0259 ya onlar\u0131n qurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n milliyy\u0259tin\u0259 diqq\u0259t yetirm\u0259m\u0259k;<\/li>\n
                        6. D\u00f6vl\u0259t v\u0259 ya ictimai xadiml\u0259rin siyah\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 etnik m\u00fcxt\u0259liflik prinsipin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 qrupla\u015fd\u0131raraq d\u0259rc etm\u0259m\u0259k;<\/li>\n
                        7. M\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri i\u015f\u0131qland\u0131rark\u0259n m\u0259lumat b\u0259rab\u0259rliyini t\u0259min etm\u0259k.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          S\u0259udiyy\u0259 \u018fr\u0259bistan\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

                          Qlobal pandemiya d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 S\u0259udiyy\u0259 \u018fr\u0259bistan\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6lk\u0259 miqyas\u0131nda t\u0259dris proqram\u0131nda kurrikulum v\u0259 d\u0259rslikl\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u0259rin islahatlar apar\u0131l\u0131b. “M\u0259kt\u0259b d\u0259rslikl\u0259rinin modernl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si” adlanan t\u0259dbirl\u0259r h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilib [38].<\/p>\n

                          Kral Salman\u0131n g\u00f6st\u0259ri\u015fi il\u0259 m\u0259kt\u0259b d\u0259rslikl\u0259rind\u0259 y\u0259hudil\u0259rin m\u0259nfi stereotipl\u0259rinin, ba\u015fqalar\u0131na nifr\u0259t ifad\u0259 ed\u0259n m\u0259tnl\u0259rin \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131l\u0131b. M\u0259kt\u0259b d\u0259rslikl\u0259rind\u0259ki m\u0259nfi \u0130srail stereotipl\u0259rinin aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 islahat\u0131n\u0131n bir hiss\u0259sidir. Ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, \u0259vv\u0259llki d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nl\u0259r art\u0131q “\u015feytan\u0131n \u00f6vlad\u0131” adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131r. Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n son d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u00e7ap olunan d\u0259rslik kitablar\u0131nda ilk d\u0259f\u0259 olaraq dindar olmayanlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm c\u0259zas\u0131na layiq olmas\u0131, qiyam\u0259t m\u00fcharib\u0259si proqnozlar\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan b\u00f6lm\u0259l\u0259r \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131l\u0131b.<\/p>\n

                          Qeyd edil\u0259n “M\u0259kt\u0259b d\u0259rslikl\u0259rinin modernl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si” prosesi V\u0259li\u0259hd M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d bin Salman\u0131n “2030-Bax\u0131\u015f” (Vision-2030) strateji plan\u0131na uy\u011fun olaraq ba\u015f verib. R\u0259smi d\u0259rslikl\u0259rd\u0259ki d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rin realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yeni n\u0259sil m\u00fc\u0259llim v\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 n\u0259slinin yeti\u015fdirilm\u0259si il\u0259 paralel olaraq h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulub.<\/p>\n

                          Xat\u0131rladaq ki, bundan \u0259vv\u0259l beyn\u0259lxalq qurumlar\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 62 s\u0259hif\u0259lik \u201cOnlar bizim qarda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z deyil: S\u0259udiyy\u0259 r\u0259smil\u0259rinin nifr\u0259t nitqi” adl\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259dd\u0259 S\u0259udiyy\u0259 \u018fr\u0259bistan\u0131n\u0131n h\u00f6kum\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259yin olunmu\u015f din aliml\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 din xadiml\u0259rin\u0259 dini azl\u0131qlara a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 ifad\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t edilm\u0259sin\u0259 v\u0259 ya r\u0259smi s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rd\u0259 onlar\u0131 \u201ciblisl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259sin\u0259\u201d (demonizasiya) icaz\u0259 ver\u0259n s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259r v\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tin q\u0259rar verm\u0259sin\u0259 t\u0259sir ed\u0259n dini q\u0259rarlar t\u0259hlil v\u0259 t\u0259qdim edilib. Son ill\u0259rd\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259t ruhanil\u0259ri v\u0259 ba\u015fqalar\u0131 internetd\u0259n v\u0259 sosial mediadan \u015fi\u0259 m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar\u0131na v\u0259 onlar\u0131n fikirl\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun olmayan dig\u0259rl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t y\u00f6nl\u0259ndirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edib.<\/p>\n

                          \u201cHuman Rights Watch\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 bu \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 hesabatlar haz\u0131rlay\u0131b. Hesabatlar\u0131n biri \u201cS\u0259udiyy\u0259 \u018fr\u0259bistan\u0131: r\u0259smi nifr\u0259t nitqi azl\u0131qlar\u0131 h\u0259d\u0259f al\u0131r. T\u0259hrik\u00e7ilik \u015fi\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 dig\u0259r qruplara qar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur\u201d adlan\u0131r. Burada qeyd edilir ki, sudiyy\u0259li b\u0259zi d\u00f6vl\u0259t ruhanil\u0259ri v\u0259 qurumlar\u0131, \u00f6lk\u0259nin \u015fi\u0259 m\u00fcs\u0259lman azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da daxil olmaqla dini azl\u0131qlara qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t v\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyi t\u0259bli\u011f edir. T\u0259\u015fklat \u00f6lk\u0259nin dini t\u0259dris proqram\u0131nda y\u0259hudilik, xristianl\u0131q v\u0259 t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcf islam\u0131 da daxil olmaqla dig\u0259r dini m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 istinadlar\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259\u015fdirib.<\/p>\n

                          Ham\u0131s\u0131 s\u00fcnni \u00e7oxluq olan h\u00f6kum\u0259t ruhanil\u0259ri dig\u0259r dini m\u0259zh\u0259bi dam\u011falay\u0131r, \u00f6lk\u0259nin \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k dini qurumu olan Y\u00fcks\u0259k Dini Aliml\u0259r \u015euras\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fczv\u00fc \u015fi\u0259 m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li suala “onlar bizim qarda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z deyil…” dey\u0259r\u0259k cavab verib. Ke\u00e7mi\u015f ba\u015f m\u00fcfti, 1999-cu ild\u0259 v\u0259fat ed\u0259n \u018fbd\u00fcl\u0259ziz bin Baz\u0131n \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 dini h\u00f6kml\u0259rind\u0259 \u015fi\u0259l\u0259ri q\u0131nayan f\u0259tva v\u0259 yaz\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130slami T\u0259dqiqatlar v\u0259 F\u0259tvalar Ver\u0259n Daimi Komit\u0259nin sayt\u0131nda ictimaiyy\u0259t\u0259 indi d\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q olaraq qal\u0131b. B\u0259zi din xadiml\u0259ri \u015fi\u0259l\u0259rin d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 sui-q\u0259sdin bir hiss\u0259si, \u0130ran \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yerli \u201cbe\u015finci kolon\u201d v\u0259 t\u0259bi\u0259tin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 v\u0259fas\u0131zl\u0131q etdiyini s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259n nifr\u0259t nitqind\u0259n istifad\u0259 edirl\u0259r. 2015-ci ild\u0259 S\u0259udiyy\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259si bir \u015fi\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131n\u0131 atas\u0131n\u0131n evind\u0259 x\u00fcsusi \u015fi\u0259 qrup namazlar\u0131na ev sahibliyi etdiyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn iki ay h\u0259bs v\u0259 60 \u015fallaq c\u0259zas\u0131na m\u0259hkum edib. 2014-c\u00fc ild\u0259 S\u0259udiyy\u0259 \u018fr\u0259bistan\u0131 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259si bir s\u00fcnnini \u201c\u015fi\u0259 il\u0259 bir yerd\u0259 oturmaqda\u201d g\u00fcnahland\u0131r\u0131b.<\/p>\n

                          Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f \u015etatlar\u0131n Beyn\u0259lxalq Dini Azadl\u0131q Komissiyas\u0131 (USCIRF) S\u0259udiyy\u0259 \u018fr\u0259bistan\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u201cx\u00fcsusi narahatl\u0131q do\u011furan \u00f6lk\u0259\u201d kimi t\u0259snif edib. Bu, dini azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 pozan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n s\u0259rt d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirm\u0259dir. Qeyd edil\u0259n “M\u0259kt\u0259b d\u0259rslikl\u0259rinin modernl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si” adlanan islahatlar da bu d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirm\u0259l\u0259rin n\u0259tic\u0259si hesab oluna bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Az\u0259rbaycanda nifr\u0259t nitqi <\/strong>m\u00f6vzusu il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259r\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Az\u0259rbaycanda ayr\u0131ca nifr\u0259t qanunvericiliyi, yaxud \u201cnifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n konkret t\u0259rifi verilm\u0259s\u0259 d\u0259, qeyd edil\u0259n bir \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ki m\u0259nada nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 aid \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 c\u0259zalar\u0131n daha da s\u0259rtl\u0259\u015fdirildiyi t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur v\u0259 t\u0259tbiq edilir. \u00d6lk\u0259mizd\u0259 milli-dini-irqi ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik v\u0259 nifaq salma\u011fa g\u00f6r\u0259 \u0259n ciddi qanunverici \u0259saslar m\u00f6vcuddur. “Nifr\u0259t, d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7ilik” m\u0259zmunlu ifad\u0259l\u0259r ox\u015far cinay\u0259t \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259rinin t\u0259rkib hiss\u0259si kimi qanunvericilikl\u0259 t\u0259nziml\u0259nir. Beyn\u0259lxalq hesabatlarda da d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 vur\u011fuland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimi, Az\u0259rbaycanda milli t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyin t\u0259min edilm\u0259si m\u0259qs\u0259din\u0259 xim\u0259t ed\u0259n, nifaq v\u0259 ya etnik d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7ilik hallar\u0131n\u0131n q\u0131z\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 qada\u011fan ed\u0259n Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259si var. Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259sind\u0259 bu m\u00f6vzu il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 m\u00fcdd\u0259alar \u0259ksini tap\u0131b: \u201cMadd\u0259 283. Milli, irqi, sosial v\u0259 ya dini nifr\u0259t v\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyin sal\u0131nmas\u0131; 283.1. Milli, irqi, sosial v\u0259 ya dini nifr\u0259t v\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyin sal\u0131nmas\u0131na, milli l\u0259yaq\u0259tin al\u00e7ald\u0131lmas\u0131na, habel\u0259 milli, irqi v\u0259 ya dini m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259tind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na v\u0259 ya \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259rinin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilm\u0259sin\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259l\u0259n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r, a\u015fkar sur\u0259td\u0259, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n k\u00fctl\u0259vi informasiya vasit\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunmaqla t\u00f6r\u0259dildikd\u0259, s\u0259kkiz min manatdan on iki min manatad\u0259k miqdarda c\u0259rim\u0259 v\u0259 ya iki il\u0259d\u0259k m\u00fcdd\u0259t\u0259 islah i\u015fl\u0259ri v\u0259 ya iki ild\u0259n d\u00f6rd il\u0259d\u0259k m\u00fcdd\u0259t\u0259 azadl\u0131qdan m\u0259hrum etm\u0259 il\u0259 c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r\u201d [12].<\/p>\n

                            Az\u0259rbaycan Avropa \u015euras\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczv\u00fcd\u00fcr v\u0259 \u00fczv qismind\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259sini g\u00fccl\u0259ndirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00f6hd\u0259likl\u0259r g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. 2002-ci ild\u0259 \u0130nsan H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 Avropa Konvensiyas\u0131n\u0131 (\u0130HAK) ratifikasiya etmi\u015fdir. Az\u0259rbaycan Avropa \u0130nsan H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259sinin (A\u0130HM) yurisdiksiyas\u0131ndad\u0131r, \u0130HAK-\u0131n \u015f\u0259rhi v\u0259 t\u0259tbiqi m\u0259hz A\u0130HM-in s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tin\u0259 aiddir.<\/p>\n

                            Az\u0259rbaycan etnik-milli v\u0259 dini tolerantl\u0131qla ba\u011fl\u0131 qlobal reytinql\u0259rd\u0259 ilk s\u0131ralarda yer tutur.\u00a0 \u201c\u0130rq\u00e7iliy\u0259 v\u0259 D\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 Avropa Komissiyas\u0131\u201d (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance; ECRI) Az\u0259rbaycanla ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u00f6vri hesabatlar t\u0259qdim edir. Hesabatlarda he\u00e7 zaman irqi-milli, dini \u0259sasl\u0131 cinay\u0259tl\u0259r \u0259ksini tapmay\u0131b. H\u0259tta otuz illik i\u015f\u011fal\u00e7\u0131 m\u00fcharib\u0259 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 erm\u0259nil\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 \u0130rq\u00e7iliy\u0259 v\u0259 D\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 Avropa Komissiyas\u0131n\u0131n (ECRI) hesabat\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131b: \u201cEGRI-nin ikinci hesabat\u0131ndan sonra m\u00fcvafiq cinay\u0259t h\u00fcququ m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131n\u0131n pozulmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 h\u0259r hans\u0131 \u015fikay\u0259t daxil olmay\u0131b. \u0130rq\u00e7ilik motivi il\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259dil\u0259n \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259rd\u0259n \u00e7ox az sayda \u015fikay\u0259tin edilm\u0259si fakt\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycanda h\u00f6km s\u00fcr\u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli tolerantl\u0131q kimi qeyd oluna bil\u0259r. S\u0259lahiyy\u0259tli qurumlar\u0131n bildirdiyin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, erm\u0259ni \u0259silli insanlarla Erm\u0259nistan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n t\u00f6r\u0259tdiyi \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259r aras\u0131nda f\u0259rqi ay\u0131rd etm\u0259k b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259halisi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7\u0259tin deyil. S\u0259lahiyy\u0259tli qurumlar eyni zamanda bildirirl\u0259r ki, Da\u011fl\u0131q Qaraba\u011f m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259si h\u0259ll olunduqdan sonra erm\u0259ni \u0259silli olan he\u00e7 bir \u015f\u0259xs \u0259halinin dig\u0259r \u00fczvl\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7ilik t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sin\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalmayacaq\u201d.<\/p>\n

                            ECRI hesabat\u0131nda bildirir ki, m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259 ill\u0259rind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan K\u0130V-l\u0259rinin Erm\u0259nistan Respublikas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259nfi m\u0259zmunlu m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 ya\u015fayan erm\u0259nil\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyin\u0259 dair fakt yoxdur. \u00c7\u00fcnki buradak\u0131 erm\u0259ni \u0259hali Erm\u0259nistan Respublikas\u0131na v\u0259 onun r\u0259hb\u0259rliyin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u0259nfi m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259dir v\u0259 bu m\u00fcnasib\u0259t oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onlar \u00f6lk\u0259ni t\u0259rk edib Erm\u0259nistana getm\u0259yibl\u0259r. \u00d6lk\u0259ni t\u0259rk etm\u0259m\u0259l\u0259rinin dig\u0259r s\u0259b\u0259bi is\u0259 burada onlara qar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n normal sivil m\u00fcnasib\u0259tdir [28].<\/p>\n

                            AT\u018fT-in Demokratik T\u0259sisatlar v\u0259 \u0130nsan H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 B\u00fcrosu (DT\u0130BH) \u00fczv \u00f6k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fct\u0259madi hesabatlar t\u0259qdim edir. DT\u0130HB d\u00f6vl\u0259t r\u0259smil\u0259rin\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 monitorinq mexanizml\u0259rinin v\u0259 m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n toplan\u0131lmas\u0131nda v\u0259 inki\u015faf etdirilm\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259st\u0259k verir. \u201cNifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 hesabatl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa \u00dcmumi \u00c7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u201d adl\u0131 t\u0259hlill\u0259r apar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                            T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n m\u00fcvafiq s\u0259hif\u0259sind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanla ba\u011fl\u0131 qeyd edilib: \u201cAz\u0259rbaycan son d\u0259f\u0259 “Nifr\u0259t Cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri Hesabat\u0131” \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn AT\u018fT DT\u0130HB-\u0259 2011-ci ild\u0259 bu sah\u0259d\u0259 cinay\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259lumat verib. Az\u0259rbaycanda nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri \u00fcmumi qanunlarda v\u0259 Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259ksini tapm\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdd\u0259alarda \u0259ksini tap\u0131b. Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumatlar Daxili \u0130\u015fl\u0259r Nazirliyi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n haz\u0131rlan\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n

                            \u00a0\u00a0 2018-ci ild\u0259 Demokratik T\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcsl\u0259r \u0130nstitutu (IDI) nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rma s\u0259n\u0259di haz\u0131rlay\u0131b. G\u0259nc h\u00fcquq m\u00fcdafi\u0259\u00e7il\u0259ri ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontekstind\u0259 siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rin \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda nifr\u0259t nitqinin monitorinqini apar\u0131b. S\u0259n\u0259d bir ne\u00e7\u0259 b\u00f6lm\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir: “Nifr\u0259t nitqi\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131; Avropa \u0130nsan H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259si t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259sind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin analoji izah\u0131; Nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 qanunvericilikd\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulan m\u0259suliyy\u0259t; Az\u0259rbaycanda media m\u00fchitinin v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti; Apar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f monitorinqin analizi; N\u0259tic\u0259 v\u0259 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                            B\u0259zi ekspertl\u0259rin fikrinc\u0259, Az\u0259rbaycan torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131n uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t Erm\u0259nistan t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131, m\u00fcharib\u0259nin ba\u015flamas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 c\u0259miyy\u0259t daxilind\u0259 deyil, faktiki i\u015f\u011fal\u00e7\u0131lara qar\u015f\u0131 milli z\u0259mind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcb. Bel\u0259 ki, ger\u00e7\u0259k i\u015f\u011fal\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n obraz\u0131 ictimai r\u0259yd\u0259 emosional nifr\u0259t hissl\u0259rini yarada bil\u0259r. \u00dcmumilikd\u0259 siyasi motivli nifr\u0259t nitqi, onun t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259ri v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri, mediada nifr\u0259t \u0259sasl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015flar v\u0259 s. m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r vaxta\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dil\u0259 g\u0259tirilib.<\/p>\n

                            Avropa \u015euras\u0131n\u0131n \u201cAz\u0259rbaycanda Kiber bulling (zorak\u0131l\u0131q), nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn milli hesabat prosedurlar\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259dind\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq sah\u0259 d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirilib.<\/p>\n

                            A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 m\u0259lumatlar Avropa \u015euras\u0131n\u0131n “Nifr\u0259t Nitqin\u0259 Yox” h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131na qat\u0131lan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 milli hesabat mexanizml\u0259rinin x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259 t\u0259dqiqat\u0131ndan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcb. M\u0259qs\u0259d a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131lar\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259kdir:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Kiberzorak\u0131l\u0131q, nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri m\u00f6vcud oldu\u011fu t\u0259qdird\u0259 milli hesabat mexanizml\u0259rinin \u0259laq\u0259 m\u0259lumatlar\u0131;<\/li>\n
                            2. M\u00f6vcud olduqlar\u0131 t\u0259qdird\u0259 kiberzorak\u0131l\u0131q, nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 davranma\u011f\u0131n qanuni \u0259saslar\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumat v\u0259 hesabat mexanizml\u0259ri, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumatlar polis v\u0259 qaynar x\u0259tt telefonu vasit\u0259sil\u0259 t\u0259qdim edil\u0259 bil\u0259r. Haz\u0131rda nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 kiberzorak\u0131l\u0131q bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumat verm\u0259k, hesabatl\u0131l\u0131q \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r hans\u0131 mexanizm yoxdur.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Az\u0259rbaycanda nifr\u0259t qanunvericiliyi haqq\u0131nda: \u201c2. \u00dcmumi m\u0259lumat. Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 konkret t\u0259rifl\u0259r olmasa da, Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259sind\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015f madd\u0259l\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur:<\/p>\n

                              Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259sin\u0259 (Madd\u0259 61) g\u00f6r\u0259, milli, irqi, dini nifr\u0259t v\u0259 ya fanatizm s\u0259b\u0259bil\u0259 cinay\u0259t t\u00f6r\u0259tm\u0259k, dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin qanuni h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n qisas almaq m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 v\u0259 ya daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 intiqam almaq t\u0259hrik\u00e7ilik, c\u0259zan\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fd\u0131ran hallar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                              Nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rinin c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 qanuni \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259nziml\u0259y\u0259n ba\u015fqa bir madd\u0259 111-ci madd\u0259dir: \u0130rqi ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik (aparteid). 111.0. Bir irqi qrupun dig\u0259r irqi qrupu m\u0259hv etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u0259\u015fkili v\u0259 qorunmas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r:<\/p>\n

                              111.0.1. irqi qrupun v\u0259 ya qruplar\u0131n \u00fczvl\u0259rin\u0259 h\u0259yat v\u0259 azadl\u0131q h\u00fcququnu inkar etm\u0259k, y\u0259ni irqi qrup v\u0259 ya qrup \u00fczvl\u0259rinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si, sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131na a\u011f\u0131r v\u0259 ya \u0259qli qabiliyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 ciddi ziyan vurulmas\u0131, onlara i\u015fg\u0259nc\u0259 verilm\u0259si v\u0259 ya a\u011f\u0131r, amans\u0131zca istinad edilm\u0259si v\u0259 ya al\u00e7ald\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck v\u0259 c\u0259zalar, habel\u0259 h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir h\u0259bs v\u0259 ya qanunsuz h\u0259bs;<\/p>\n

                              111.0.2. irqi qrup v\u0259 ya qruplar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn tam v\u0259 ya qism\u0259n fiziki m\u0259hv olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f \u015f\u0259raitinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

                              Q\u0259sd\u0259n adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 cinay\u0259tin c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 120-ci madd\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, milli, irqi, dini nifr\u0259t v\u0259 ya d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7ilik s\u0259b\u0259bi il\u0259 q\u0259sd\u0259n adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u0259 c\u0259zan\u0131 daha da a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                              H\u0259m\u00e7inin, \u201cReklam haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanunun 12-ci madd\u0259sind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqind\u0259n b\u0259hs olunur: Madd\u0259 12.1. Yetkinlik ya\u015f\u0131na \u00e7atmayanlar\u0131n \u0259qli v\u0259 fiziki bax\u0131mdan z\u0259r\u0259rli t\u0259sirl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn reklamda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131lar qada\u011fand\u0131r:<\/p>\n

                              12.1.2. Ba\u015fqa bir insana qar\u015f\u0131 kobudluq, nifr\u0259t, t\u0259cav\u00fcz, pis v\u0259rdi\u015fl\u0259r a\u015f\u0131lamaq.<\/p>\n

                              El\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259, \u201cK\u00fctl\u0259vi \u0130nformasiya Vasit\u0259l\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanunun 10-cu madd\u0259sind\u0259 qeyd olunur: \u201cK\u00fctl\u0259vi m\u0259lumat azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sui-istifad\u0259nin yolverilm\u0259zliyi\u2026 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 c\u0259zan\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fd\u0131rma\u011f\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutur\u201d.<\/p>\n

                              Avropa \u015euras\u0131n\u0131n qeyd edil\u0259n f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda Facebook sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sind\u0259 \u201cNifr\u0259t Nitqin\u0259 Yox\u201d h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 adl s\u0259hif\u0259 yarad\u0131l\u0131b. Kampaniya 2012-2014-c\u00fc ill\u0259r \u00fczr\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n \u201cG\u0259ncl\u0259rin nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 onlayn m\u00fcbariz\u0259si\u201d layih\u0259sinin bir hiss\u0259si olub [22]. Layih\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259rliyi, l\u0259yaq\u0259ti, insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lifliyi m\u00fcdafi\u0259 edir v\u0259 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259yir. Bu, nifr\u0259t nitqi, irq\u00e7ilik v\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik hallar\u0131n\u0131n onlayn ifad\u0259sin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u0259lib. Kampaniyan\u0131n Az\u0259rbaycan \u00fczr\u0259 milli \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndiricisi Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 G\u0259ncl\u0259r T\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 Milli \u015euras\u0131d\u0131r. Kampaniyan\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 Bak\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n bir s\u0131ra G\u0259ncl\u0259r evl\u0259rind\u0259 insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n Az\u0259rbaycan g\u0259ncl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fch\u00fcm aspektl\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda t\u0259lim sessiyalar\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilib. T\u0259lim modulu \u201cKOMPASS\u201d – \u0130nsan H\u00fcquqlar\u0131 T\u0259drisi Kitab\u00e7as\u0131na uy\u011fun olaraq haz\u0131rlan\u0131b. T\u0259lim\u00e7i qismind\u0259 27 iyun-3 iyul 2017-ci il tarixl\u0259rind\u0259 G\u0259ncl\u0259r v\u0259 \u0130dman Nazirliyi v\u0259 Avropa \u015euras\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259\u015fkil olunan \u201cKOMPASS\u201d-\u0130nsan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli t\u0259dris proqram\u0131n\u0131n i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 c\u0259lb olunub.<\/p>\n

                              H\u0259r\u0259kat onlayn nifr\u0259t nitqinin b\u00fct\u00fcn formalar\u0131na, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n g\u0259ncl\u0259r\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox t\u0259sir ed\u0259n t\u0259hdidin v\u0259 t\u0259hqirin t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u0259l\u0259n kampaniya kimi t\u0259svir edilir. Onun m\u0259qs\u0259di onlayn nifr\u0259t nitqi, onun demokratiya v\u0259 f\u0259rdi g\u0259ncl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn riskl\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda m\u0259lumatl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rmaq, media v\u0259 internet savadl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fviq etm\u0259k; onlayn v\u0259 oflayn rejimd\u0259 insan haqlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan g\u0259ncl\u0259ri d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259m\u0259k; onlayn nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck s\u0259viyy\u0259sini azaltmaq; onlayn g\u0259nc f\u0259allar\u0131 insan haqlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259r etm\u0259k, haz\u0131rlamaq v\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 qurmaq; onlayn nifr\u0259t nitqinin yay\u0131lma x\u0259rit\u0259sini t\u0259rtib etm\u0259k v\u0259 konstruktiv reaksiya al\u0259tl\u0259rini t\u0259\u015fviq etm\u0259k; onlayn nifr\u0259t nitqinin h\u0259d\u0259f\u0259 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanlara v\u0259 qruplara d\u0259st\u0259k v\u0259 h\u0259mr\u0259ylik n\u00fcmayi\u015f etdirm\u0259k; nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 Avropan\u0131n siyas\u0259t al\u0259tl\u0259ri \u00fczr\u0259 inki\u015faf v\u0259 konsensus \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259\u015fviqat aparmaq; g\u0259ncl\u0259rin i\u015ftirak formalar\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 onlayn v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 inki\u015faf etdirm\u0259kd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                              S\u0259hif\u0259d\u0259 qeyd edilir ki, \u201cnifr\u0259t nitqi Avropa \u015euras\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n olundu\u011fu kimi, d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n aqressiv milliyy\u0259t\u00e7ilik v\u0259 etnosentrizml\u0259, azl\u0131qlara, emiqrantlara v\u0259 immiqrant m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li insanlara qar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik v\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259 ifad\u0259 olunan d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u0259 \u0259saslanan irqi nifr\u0259ti, ksenofobiyan\u0131, anti-semitizmi v\u0259 nifr\u0259tin dig\u0259r formalar\u0131n\u0131 yayan, t\u0259hrik ed\u0259n, t\u0259bli\u011f ed\u0259n v\u0259 ya \u0259sasland\u0131ran b\u00fct\u00fcn ifad\u0259 formalar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259hat\u0259 edir\u201d.<\/p>\n

                              10 dekabr 2017-ci il tarixind\u0259 “Nifr\u0259t Nitqin\u0259 Yox\u201d h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 kampaniyas\u0131n\u0131n son r\u0259smi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00fcn\u00fc olub. H\u0259min vaxtdan s\u0259hif\u0259 aktiv deyil.<\/p>\n

                              Nifr\u0259t qanunvericiliyi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, Az\u0259rbaycanda diffamasiya haqq\u0131nda qanun da son ill\u0259r diqq\u0259t m\u0259rk\u0259zind\u0259 olub. S\u0259b\u0259b odur ki, nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fcdudlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si bu sah\u0259d\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u0259c\u0259k m\u00fch\u00fcm m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biridir. Az\u0259rbaycan beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259\u015fkilatlar qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda diffamasiyan\u0131n dekriminalla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6hd\u0259lik g\u00f6t\u00fcrs\u0259 d\u0259, bununla ba\u011fl\u0131 qanun layih\u0259si indiy\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r parlamentd\u0259 m\u00fczakir\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmay\u0131b.<\/p>\n

                              Milli M\u0259clisin \u0130nsan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 komit\u0259sinin s\u0259dri Z.Oruc bildirib ki, m\u0259tbuat azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fccl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si, beyn\u0259lxalq indeksl\u0259rd\u0259ki probleml\u0259rin aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn diffamasiya il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r komit\u0259nin g\u00fcnd\u0259liyind\u0259 \u0259sas yer tutur.<\/p>\n

                              \u201cART\u0130CLE 17\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n AT\u018fT-in Media Azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 N\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259sinin sifari\u015fi il\u0259 \u201cDiffamasiya haqq\u0131nda Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 Qanununa dair Memorandum\u201d (2006-c\u0131 il) t\u0259rtib edilib. Memorandumda qeyd edilir ki, t\u0259\u015fkilat \u201cDiffamasiya haqq\u0131nda” Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 Qanununun (Qanun layih\u0259sinin) haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 alq\u0131\u015flay\u0131r, h\u0259min Qanun layih\u0259si \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 diffamasiyan\u0131 dekriminalla\u015fd\u0131rmaq (cinay\u0259t \u0259m\u0259li saymamaq) v\u0259 m\u00fclki diffamasiyaya dair ayd\u0131n v\u0259 m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi normalar m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259dini da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. Qanun layih\u0259sind\u0259 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131na h\u00f6rm\u0259t edilm\u0259sini, eyni zamanda n\u00fcfuzun qorunmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259di da\u015f\u0131yan bir \u00e7ox m\u00fcdd\u0259alar yer alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Diffamasiyaya dair cinay\u0259t normalar\u0131n\u0131 l\u0259\u011fv etm\u0259kl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, Qanun layih\u0259si d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurumlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n diffamasiya i\u015fl\u0259rinin qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 qada\u011fan edir, diffamasiyan\u0131n h\u00fcdudlar\u0131n\u0131 xeyli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131raraq buraya yaln\u0131z faktlara dair yalan ifad\u0259l\u0259ri aid edir, diffamasiyaya dair iddiaya qar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fccl\u00fc m\u00fcdafi\u0259ni t\u0259min edir v\u0259 diffamasiya xarakterli ifad\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 vasit\u0259l\u0259rinin m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi rejimini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir. Eyni zamanda, b\u0259zi m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131n beyn\u0259lxalq normalara daha \u00e7ox uy\u011fun olmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onlara d\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fl\u0259r edil\u0259 bil\u0259r. \u018flav\u0259 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 vasit\u0259l\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmal\u0131, qanunun t\u0259tbiq dair\u0259si daha da darald\u0131lmal\u0131 v\u0259 q\u0259r\u0259zli iddia\u00e7\u0131lar problemini h\u0259ll etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn normalar n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d [6].<\/p>\n

                              M\u0259lum oldu\u011fu kimi, nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fcdudlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si \u0259n vacib m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biridir. Bu bax\u0131mdan, Memorandumun \u201c2.2. \u0130fad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131na qoyulan m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u201d b\u00f6lm\u0259si diqq\u0259ti c\u0259lb edir. \u0130HAK-\u0131n 10-cu madd\u0259sinin 2-ci b\u0259ndind\u0259 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yol veril\u0259n azsayl\u0131 hallar qeyd edilir: Bu azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si milli t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik, \u0259razi b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fcy\u00fc v\u0259 ya ictimai asayi\u015f maraqlar\u0131 namin\u0259, i\u011fti\u015fa\u015f\u0131n v\u0259 ya cinay\u0259tin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n, yaxud m\u0259n\u0259viyyat\u0131n qorunmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin n\u00fcfuzu v\u0259 h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, gizli \u0259ld\u0259 edilmi\u015f m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131qlanmas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn v\u0259 ya \u0259dal\u0259t m\u00fchakim\u0259sinin n\u00fcfuz v\u0259 q\u0259r\u0259zsizliyini t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qanunla n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmu\u015f v\u0259 demokratik c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 z\u0259ruri olan m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n r\u0259smiyy\u0259t\u0259, \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r\u0259, m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 ya sanksiyalara m\u0259ruz qala bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                              Bu b\u0259ndd\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7 hiss\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t meyar n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulur, bu meyara g\u00f6r\u0259 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131na qoyulan m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin qanuni olmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259min m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r: a) qanunla n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmal\u0131; b) qanuni m\u0259qs\u0259d da\u015f\u0131mal\u0131; v\u0259 c) \u201cdemokratik c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 z\u0259ruri\u201d olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

                              H\u0259m\u00e7inin, A\u0130HM qeyd etmi\u015fdir ki, \u201cnorma v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131n \u00f6z davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259nziml\u0259y\u0259 bilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259qiq ifad\u0259 edilm\u0259mi\u015fdirs\u0259, o, \u201cqanun\u201d say\u0131la bilm\u0259z: v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f m\u00fcvafiq h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tin t\u00f6r\u0259d\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri \u015f\u0259rait\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 a\u011flabatan d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 qabaqcadan g\u00f6rm\u0259k imkan\u0131na malik olmal\u0131d\u0131r (ehtiyac olduqda m\u00fcvafiq m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259t almaqla)\u201d. Deyil\u0259nl\u0259r bax\u0131m\u0131ndan Memorandumda bel\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259linir ki, diffamasiya haqq\u0131nda qanun layih\u0259sind\u0259: \u201cHakimiyy\u0259t orqanlar\u0131na ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131rmaqda h\u0259dd\u0259n art\u0131q geni\u015f s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259r ver\u0259n qanunlar da m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin \u201cqanunla n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmu\u015f\u201d olmas\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259bin\u0259 cavab vermir\u201d. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, Qanun layih\u0259sinin t\u0259tbiq dair\u0259sinin t\u0259kc\u0259 k\u00fctl\u0259vi informasiya vasit\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fmamas\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almaqla, layih\u0259nin 1-ci madd\u0259sind\u0259n \u201ck\u00fctl\u0259vi informasiya vasit\u0259l\u0259ri\u201d s\u00f6zl\u0259rinin \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmas\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edilib.<\/p>\n

                              2014-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u201cDeutsche Welle\u201d Akademiyas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259st\u0259yi il\u0259 \u201cC\u0259nubi Qafqaz medias\u0131nda \u201cnifr\u0259t nitqi\u201d. Az\u0259rbaycan, Erm\u0259nistan v\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan medias\u0131n\u0131n monitorinqi \u0259sas\u0131nda Hesabat\u201d adl\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rma apar\u0131l\u0131b. Ara\u015fd\u0131rman\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, regionda nifr\u0259t nitqinin nisb\u0259t\u0259n \u0259n az m\u00fchahid\u0259 edildiyi Az\u0259rbaycan medias\u0131 olub [49].<\/p>\n

                              Dig\u0259r s\u0259n\u0259d kimi, Avropa \u015euras\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u201c\u0130fad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haqq\u0131nda Az\u0259rbaycan qanunvericiliyinin t\u0259hlili\u201d adl\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rman\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olar (Analysis Of Azerbaijani Legislation On Freedom Of Expression. Council of Europe, 2017) [20].<\/p>\n

                              Ara\u015fd\u0131rman\u0131n \u0259sas m\u0259qs\u0259di ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n qanunvericilik v\u0259 t\u0259nziml\u0259yici bazas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcasir icmal\u0131n\u0131 verm\u0259k v\u0259 Konvensiyan\u0131n 10-cu madd\u0259sinin (ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131) t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011funlu\u011funu qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirm\u0259kdir. S\u0259n\u0259d \u015fidd\u0259t\u0259 t\u0259hrik\u00e7ilik, b\u00f6htan, nifr\u0259t nitqi, gizli v\u0259 m\u0259xfi m\u0259lumatlar, dini ifad\u0259 v\u0259 dig\u0259rl\u0259ri daxil olmaqla ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li \u00fcmumi qaydalar\u0131n izah\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131r. H\u0259m\u00e7inin mediaya aid qanun v\u0259 qaydalar\u0131n, daha sonra, x\u00fcsus\u0259n median\u0131n v\u0259 internetin icmal\u0131 verilib. H\u0259r f\u0259sild\u0259n sonra m\u00f6vcud qanunvericilik bazas\u0131n\u0131n Konvensiyan\u0131n t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 islah olunmas\u0131na dair t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r verilir. Hesabatda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259klif edilmi\u015fdir:<\/p>\n

                              l Nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 v\u0259 zorak\u0131 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259hrikl\u0259rin, qanunla qada\u011fan edilmi\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u0131n m\u0259zmununun daha spesifik t\u0259rifl\u0259ri il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, qada\u011fan olunmu\u015f ifad\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 bunlar\u0131n vurdu\u011fu z\u0259r\u0259r ehtimal\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar t\u0259limatlardan faydalanmaq m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259uy\u011fundur;<\/p>\n

                              l Cinay\u0259t h\u00fcququ kontekstind\u0259 diffamasiya il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fcdd\u0259alar \u201cfaktlar\u201d v\u0259 \u201cfikirl\u0259r\u201d aras\u0131nda\u00a0 f\u0259rq qoymal\u0131, h\u0259qiq\u0259tin m\u00fcdafi\u0259si t\u0259min edilm\u0259lidir;<\/p>\n

                              l \u0130nternetd\u0259 b\u00f6htanla ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fcdd\u0259alarda z\u0259r\u0259r \u00e7\u0259kmi\u015f \u015f\u0259xsin \u015fikay\u0259tini t\u0259l\u0259b etm\u0259kl\u0259 qorunmas\u0131 vur\u011fulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                              Bak\u0131 M\u0259tbuat Klubunun r\u0259hb\u0259ri, jurnalist Arif \u018fliyevin s\u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, “Diffamasiya haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanun 4 variantda m\u00fcxt\u0259lif t\u0259\u015fkilatlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n parlament\u0259 t\u0259qdim olunub. Prezident t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259sdiq edilmi\u015f “Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131nda insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259si \u00fczr\u0259 Milli F\u0259aliyy\u0259t Plan\u0131\u201dnda bu qanun layih\u0259sinin q\u0259bul olunmas\u0131 bir tap\u015f\u0131r\u0131q kimi ortaya qoyulsa da, Az\u0259rbaycan postsovet m\u0259kan\u0131nda diffamasiyan\u0131 q\u0259bul etm\u0259y\u0259n bir-iki \u00f6lk\u0259 s\u0131ras\u0131nda qal\u0131b. G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259 Erm\u0259nistan bu qanunu \u00e7oxdan q\u0259bul edib. Haz\u0131rda \u201cfeyk-saxta x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259rin\u201d (fake news) artmas\u0131, texnoloji c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n onunla m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259bl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si bir \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qay\u0131tma\u011fa m\u0259cbur edib. Bu qanunvericiliyin \u00e7oxdan vaxt\u0131 \u00e7atm\u0131\u015f m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 olmas\u0131 b\u0259llidir. Bel\u0259 ki, diffamasiyaya aid olan bir s\u0131ra anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n d\u0259qiq izah\u0131 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilm\u0259yib. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 b\u0259z\u0259n \u00e7ox absurd q\u0259rarlar \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131l\u0131r. Az\u0259rbaycanda ill\u0259r \u0259vv\u0259l q\u0259bul olunmu\u015f d\u00f6vl\u0259t s\u0259n\u0259dind\u0259 diffamasiya m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si \u0259ksini tapm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Orada qeyd edilmi\u015fdi ki, il \u0259rzind\u0259 qanun q\u0259bul olunsun. Lakin o tap\u015f\u0131r\u0131q h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 yerin\u0259 yetirilm\u0259yib. Halbuki bu, media azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131na aid olan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259dir.\u201d<\/p>\n

                              \u0130rq\u00e7ilik v\u0259 Ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 Avropa Komissiyas\u0131n\u0131n (ECRI) 2016-c\u0131 il hesabat\u0131nda qeyd edilib ki,\u00a0 ECRI-\u0131n mandat\u0131na daxil olan s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 edil\u0259n t\u0259hqir Az\u0259rbaycan qanunvericiliyi il\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 qada\u011fan edilm\u0259yib (7 sayl\u0131 \u00dcST-\u00fcn 15-ci b\u0259ndi)\u201d. T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n dig\u0259r t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259ri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131lard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

                              l ECRI Az\u0259rbaycan d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilikd\u0259n z\u0259r\u0259r g\u00f6r\u0259n \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin qorunmas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda m\u00fclki v\u0259 inzibati h\u00fcquq m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0259yat\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 irq\u00e7ilikl\u0259 v\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilikl\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcf\u0259ss\u0259l qanunu q\u0259bul ed\u0259r\u0259k m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirm\u0259l\u0259rini bir daha t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edir. Bununla \u0259laq\u0259dar olaraq o, 7 sayl\u0131 \u00dcmumi Siyas\u0259t T\u00f6vsiy\u0259sinin 4-d\u0259n 17-ci b\u0259ndl\u0259rin\u0259 istinad edir.<\/p>\n

                              l ECRI d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n 2 sayl\u0131 \u00dcmumi Siyas\u0259t T\u00f6vsiy\u0259sin\u0259 uy\u011fun \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 h\u0259m \u00f6z\u0259l, h\u0259m d\u0259 ictimai sektorda irq\u00e7ilik v\u0259 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilikl\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn x\u00fcsusi qurum yaratmalar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259kidl\u0259 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edir. Bu qurum x\u00fcsus\u0259n ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilikd\u0259n z\u0259r\u0259r \u00e7\u0259k\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259msil edilm\u0259 d\u0259 daxil olmaqla \u00fcmumi m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259t v\u0259 h\u00fcquqi d\u0259st\u0259k verm\u0259k s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tin\u0259 malik olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                              l ECRI Az\u0259rbaycan d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 ictimai qurumlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 erm\u0259nil\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t nitqind\u0259n uzaq durmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259l\u0259ril\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259sini bir daha t\u0259krar edir.<\/p>\n

                              l ECRI d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259ssas qruplarla m\u00fct\u0259madi dialoq aparmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n statistik m\u0259lumatlar\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn irq\u00e7i, fobiya cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 hallar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6st\u0259rilm\u0259sini t\u0259min etm\u0259l\u0259rini t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edir.<\/p>\n

                              l ECRI d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, prokurorlar\u0131n v\u0259 cinay\u0259t i\u015fl\u0259ri \u00fczr\u0259 hakiml\u0259rin intensiv t\u0259limi vasit\u0259sil\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259sinin milli, irqi v\u0259 ya dini d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyin sal\u0131nmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 283-c\u00fc madd\u0259sini t\u0259tbiq ed\u0259rk\u0259n s\u00f6z, din v\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259k azadl\u0131qlar\u0131na laz\u0131mi diqq\u0259t ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259l\u0259rini t\u0259kidl\u0259 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edir.<\/p>\n

                              N\u018fT\u0130C\u018f <\/strong><\/p>\n

                              Haz\u0131rda \u00f6lk\u0259 daxilind\u0259 olmasa da, \u00f6lk\u0259 xaricind\u0259n Az\u0259rbaycanda konkret bir \u015f\u0259xs\u0259 v\u0259 ya \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r qrupuna qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t dilini, b\u00f6htan v\u0259 qarayaxman\u0131 tirajlayan sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 profill\u0259ri m\u00f6vcuddur. Bu bax\u0131mdan, c\u0259miyy\u0259t olaraq mediada, \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t v\u0259 ritorikada, sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259r m\u00fczakir\u0259 m\u00f6vzusudur. H\u0259min sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 kontentl\u0259ri nec\u0259, hans\u0131 qanunvericilik \u0259sas\u0131nda t\u0259hlil edilm\u0259lidir, nec\u0259 c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r, c\u0259zan\u0131n adekvatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli q\u0259rar nec\u0259 verilm\u0259lidir kimi suallara cavablar\u0131n daha da konkretl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sin\u0259 ehtiyac vard\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z bu suallar\u0131n cavabland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259miz\u0259, ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t nitqinin t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 n\u00f6vb\u0259ti add\u0131mlar\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ola bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

                              H\u00fcquq\u015f\u00fcnaslar\u0131n fikrin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, i\u00e7ind\u0259 zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f olmayan nifr\u0259t nitql\u0259rinin qada\u011fan olunmas\u0131 ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131na toxuna bil\u0259r. Bu bax\u0131mdan \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 birba\u015fa konstitusion qurulu\u015fun devrilm\u0259sin\u0259, ictimai qaydan\u0131 qoruyan polis\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t v\u0259 \u015fidd\u0259t\u0259, a\u00e7\u0131q zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015flar ed\u0259n sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 istifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259ri qanuna riay\u0259t\u0259 d\u0259v\u0259t edilm\u0259lidir. Yaxud A\u0130HM-in bir \u00e7ox q\u0259rarlar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu kimi, nifr\u0259t nitqin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 onlara c\u0259rim\u0259 kimi qeyri-h\u0259bs metodlar\u0131 t\u0259tbiq edilm\u0259lidir.<\/p>\n

                              V\u0259t\u0259n m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq, indinin \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 d\u0259 Erm\u0259nistan v\u0259 qondarma Qaraba\u011f ombudsmanlar\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycanda sosial \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri izl\u0259m\u0259kl\u0259, erm\u0259nil\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 etnik-milli, dini \u0259sasl\u0131\u00a0 nifr\u0259t misallar\u0131n\u0131 tirajlayaraq, \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 hesabatlar haz\u0131rlay\u0131b v\u0259 Avropan\u0131n m\u00fcvafiq qurumlar\u0131na g\u00f6nd\u0259rib. Bu saxta hesabatlar haz\u0131rk\u0131 d\u00f6vrd\u0259 i\u015f\u011faldan azad edilmi\u015f \u0259razil\u0259r\u0259 \u201cB\u00f6y\u00fck Qay\u0131d\u0131\u015f\u201d strategiyas\u0131n\u0131n realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 birg\u0259ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f aspektind\u0259, erm\u0259nil\u0259rin az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131larla birg\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n qeyri-m\u00fcmk\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc, qondarma \u201cartsax\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini\u201d \u0259sasland\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn uydurulan \u201cekzistensial t\u0259hdid\u201d mifl\u0259rin\u0259 inand\u0131rma\u011fa xidm\u0259t edir.<\/p>\n

                              Bu bax\u0131mdan erm\u0259nil\u0259r\u0259 tarix\u0259n xas olan nifr\u0259t \u015f\u00fcurunun s\u00fcbutlar\u0131, erm\u0259ni r\u0259hb\u0259rliyinin t\u00f6r\u0259tdiyi insanl\u0131q \u0259leyhin\u0259 cinay\u0259tl\u0259r d\u0259 daxil olmaqla bunlar\u0131 \u0259ks etdir\u0259n hesabatlar\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 g\u00fcnd\u0259md\u0259 durur. \u018fsas kimi EGRI t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n son onillikl\u0259rd\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn hesabatlar\u0131nda \u00f6lk\u0259mizd\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rinin t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rinin olmamas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur. T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n son t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n birind\u0259 qeyd edilir: \u201cErm\u0259nistan Respublikas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 daimi m\u0259nfi r\u0259smi v\u0259 media a\u00e7\u0131qlamalar\u0131 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalan erm\u0259ni \u0259silli insanlara qar\u015f\u0131 m\u0259nfi \u0259hval-ruhiyy\u0259nin m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funa r\u0259vac verir. ECRI d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n yurisdiksiyas\u0131na daxil olan erm\u0259nil\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 r\u0259yin yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn aktiv f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259tiyy\u0259tl\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. ECRI Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tli orqanlar\u0131n\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycan yurisdiksiyas\u0131 \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 ya\u015fayan erm\u0259nil\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 r\u0259y m\u00fchitini yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131rmaq istiqam\u0259tind\u0259 f\u0259al i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Eyni zamanda b\u00fct\u00fcn siyasi partiyalar\u0131n irq\u00e7ilik, ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik v\u0259 ksenefobiyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn formalar\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 s\u0259rt m\u00f6vqe tutmas\u0131, m\u00fcxt\u0259liflik v\u0259 pl\u00fcralizm lehin\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q siyasi mesajlar verm\u0259sinin z\u0259ruriliyi vur\u011fulan\u0131r; h\u0259m\u00e7inin onlara erm\u0259nil\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 m\u0259nfi t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n yana\u015fmaqdan \u00e7\u0259kinm\u0259yi t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edir\u201d.<\/p>\n

                              BMT \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqi, dini kimlik, ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00fcfr v\u0259 nifr\u0259t nitqinin f\u0259rql\u0259ndirilm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 q\u0259bul edil\u0259n \u201cRabat F\u0259aliyy\u0259t Plan\u0131\u201d bu sah\u0259d\u0259 \u0259n n\u00fcfuzlu s\u0259n\u0259d hesab edilir. S\u0259n\u0259dd\u0259 t\u0259hqiramiz, lakin c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131lmayan ifad\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 qanunsuz say\u0131lan nifr\u0259t ifad\u0259l\u0259ri aras\u0131ndak\u0131 h\u00fcdudlar\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259y\u0259 imkan ver\u0259n, alt\u0131 hiss\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t\u00a0 x\u00fcsusi \u201ctest\u201d mexanizmi Az\u0259rbaycanda bu sah\u0259d\u0259 qanunvericiliyin t\u0259kmill\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sind\u0259 istifad\u0259 edil\u0259 bil\u0259r. H\u0259min 6 amil bunlard\u0131r: 1. kontekst, 2.dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n kimliyi, 3.niyy\u0259t, 4.m\u0259zmun v\u0259 forma, 5.nitqin \u00e7atma d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259si,\u00a0 6.miqyas\u0131 v\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259r vurma ehtimal\u0131. Rabat F\u0259aliyy\u0259t Plan\u0131n\u0131n x\u00fcsusi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti onlayn dan\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 nitqd\u0259n ay\u0131rma\u011f\u0131 bacaran, daha y\u00fcks\u0259k sosial t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259 bil\u0259n f\u0259rq amill\u0259rini qabartmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                              H\u0259m\u00e7inin, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rinin qeyd\u0259 alnmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycanda BMT-nin ifad\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri sah\u0259sind\u0259 ekspertl\u0259rind\u0259n say\u0131lan Devid Key \u00f6lk\u0259miz\u0259 d\u0259v\u0259t edil\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259ruz\u0259 haz\u0131rlaya bil\u0259r (yuxar\u0131da qeyd edildiyi kimi, o, bir \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin onu d\u0259v\u0259t etm\u0259m\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 gileyl\u0259rini bildirib).<\/p>\n

                              Qeyd edil\u0259n bu v\u0259 dig\u0259r m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 \u0259saslanaraq, nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259rinin tarix\u0259n de-fakto he\u00e7 zaman m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilm\u0259diyi Az\u0259rbaycanda onun de-yure olaraq t\u0259sbit edilm\u0259sinin m\u00fczakir\u0259 edilm\u0259sini g\u00fcnd\u0259m\u0259 salma\u011f\u0131n faydal\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dey\u0259 bil\u0259rik.<\/p>\n

                              \u0130ST\u0130FAD\u018f OLUNMU\u015e \u018fD\u018fB\u0130YYAT<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. \u201cHate Speech\u201d in Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, ed. Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst, vol. 3. (2nd ed.), Detroit: Macmillan Reference US, pp. 1277\u201379.<\/li>\n
                              2. Allport, G. W. (1962) Prejudice: Is it societal or personal? Journal of Social Issues, 18, 120\u2013134.<\/li>\n
                              3. Anne-Marie Slaughter. Charlie Hebdo\u2019s Rights and Wrongs\/\/ https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/charlie-hebdo-rights-wrongs-by-anne-marie-slaughter-2015-01?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=organic-social& utm_ campaign= reactive& utm_post-type=link&utm_format=16%3A9&utm_creative=link-image&utm_post-date=2020-09-01&fbclid=IwAR3xcQROtLerDfPRW Yzo6W6M3Yl5jJN186w0Uw GBlYRLaq_Q9qbSrY2AGds& barrier=accesspaylogAPRIL 24, 2021<\/li>\n
                              4. Attacks on Asian Americans during pandemic renew criticism that U.S. undercounts hate crimes\/\/https:\/\/www. washingtonpost.com\/national-security\/asian-american-hate-crimes\/2021\/02\/21\/c28a8e04-72d9-11eb-b8a9-b9467510f0fe_story.html<\/li>\n
                              5. Boromisza-Habashi D. Speaking Hatefully: Culture, Communication, and Political Action in Hungary. Pennsylvania, 2013.160 p.<\/li>\n
                              6. “Diffamasiya haqq\u0131nda” Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 Qanununa dair Memorandum \/\/ https:\/\/www.osce.org\/files\/f\/documents\/b\/4\/23942.pdf<\/li>\n
                              7. ECRI General Policy Recommendation No. 15 on Combating Hate Speech (2015). ECRI Declaration on the use of racist, antisemitic and xenophobic elements in political discourse (2005), the Rabat Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence and case law of the ECtHR (Feret v. Belgium, Seurot v. France<\/li>\n
                              8. ECtHR, Perin\u00e7ek v. Switzerland, Application no. 27510\/08, 17 December 2013<\/li>\n
                              9. Germany: New law against right-wing extremism and hate crime \u2013 Judit Bayer<\/li>\n
                              10. Haiman F.S. \u00abSpeech acts\u00bb and the First Amendment. Carbondale, 1993. Lakoff R.T. The Language War. Berkeley [etc.], 2000. Mazid B.-E.M. HateSpeak in Contemporary Arabic Discourse. Newcastle upon Tyne, 2012 ; \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0415.\u041d. \u00ab\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u00bb: \u043a \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\/\/ \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u201313. \u041c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432, 2019.<\/li>\n
                              11. Hate Crime and Hate Speech\/\/ https:\/\/humanrights.gov.mt\/en\/ Pages\/LGBTIQ % 20 Equality\/ Legal% 20Provisions \/ Hate-Crime-and-Hate-Speech.aspx<\/li>\n
                              12. Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n Cinay\u0259t M\u0259c\u0259ll\u0259si. – http:\/\/e-qanun.az\/framework\/46947<\/li>\n
                              13. https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/us\/dictionary\/english\/hate-speech<\/li>\n
                              14. Germany: New law against right-wing extremism and hate crime \u2013 Judit Bayer. \/ April 24, 2021\/ – https:\/\/inforrm.org\/2021\/04\/24\/germany-new-law-against-right-wing-extremism-and-hate-crime-judit-bayer\/<\/li>\n
                              15. https:\/\/infostart.hu\/belfold\/2020\/03\/25\/szekszardon-elszabadultak-az-indulatok-egy-hazi-karanten-miatt<\/li>\n
                              16. Of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on “Hate Speech” \/ Recommendation No. R (97) 20\/. https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680505d5b<\/li>\n
                              17. https:\/\/www.article19.org\/<\/li>\n
                              18. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u044f \u00ab\u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u00bb: \u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0435. – https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/A19_Hate-Speech-Report-2018_Russian.pdf<\/li>\n
                              19. Zuckerberg’s Calls for Regulation Are Seen Missing the Mark. \/ April 1, 2019\/- https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2019-04-01\/zuckerberg-s-calls-for-regulation-are-seen-missing-the-mark<\/li>\n
                              20. Complete list of the Council of Europe’s treaties. -https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/conventions\/full-list\/-\/conventions\/treaty\/ 189\/declarations? p_auth =PYNtF7OL<\/li>\n
                              21. Coronavirus: France faces ‘epidemic’ of anti-Asian racism. -https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2020\/02\/03\/coronavirus-france-faces-epidemic-of-anti-asian-racism<\/li>\n
                              22. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/NoHateSpeechMovementAzerbaijan\/<\/li>\n
                              23. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/05\/19\/germany-anti-semitism-creeps-covid-19-protests;https:\/\/www.enar-eu.org\/ COVID-19-impact-on-racialised-communities-interactive-EU-wide-map;https:\/\/www.enar-eu.org\/IMG\/pdf\/key _findings _of_the_map.pdf<\/li>\n
                              24. Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 – 1 October 1946. -https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/rr\/frd\/Military_Law\/pdf\/NT_Vol-I.pdf<\/li>\n
                              25. Lanchester, John. You Are the Product. – https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/the-paper\/v39\/n16\/john-lanchester\/you-are-the-product<\/li>\n
                              26. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/HRBodies\/HRCouncil\/FFM-Myanmar\/A_HRC _39_64.pdf<\/li>\n
                              27. Facebook\u2019s Secret Censorship Rules Protect White Men From Hate Speech But Not Black Children. – https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/facebook-hate-speech-censorship-internal-documents-algorithms<\/li>\n
                              28. https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/cgi-bin\/texis\/vtx \/rwmain\/ opendocpdf.pdf ?reldoc= y& docid=51beb9b34<\/li>\n
                              29. Opinion: Why America needs a hate speech law. – https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2019\/10\/29\/why-america-needs-hate-speech-law\/<\/li>\n
                              30. Defining “Counter-Speech” and Fighting Hate Speech | Nadine Strossen. – https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GsC6rLGSRm8<\/li>\n
                              31. \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 Quran\u0131n yand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u011fti\u015fa\u015flara s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. 29-08-2020\/\/ https:\/\/qafqazinfo.az\/news\/detail\/isvecde-quranin-yandirilmasi-igtisaslara-sebeb-oldu-296829<\/li>\n
                              32. Janssen E.H. Faith in Public Debate: on Freedom of Expression, Hate Speech and Religion in France and the Netherlands.Cambridge, 2015. 637 p.<\/li>\n
                              33. Kenneth Ward, Free Speech and the Development of Liberal Virtues: An Examination of the Controversies Involving Flag-Burning and Hate Speech, 52 U. Miami L. Rev. 733 (1998).263 p.<\/li>\n
                              34. Laub Z. Hate Speech on Social Media: Global Comparisons \/\/https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/hate-speech-social-media-global-comparisons<\/li>\n
                              35. Millennials OK with limiting speech offensive to minorities \/\/https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2015\/11\/20\/40-of-millennials-ok-with-limiting-speech-offensive-to-minorities\/<\/li>\n
                              36. Moschel, M. Race in mainland European legal analysis: Towards a European Critical Race Theory, Ethnic and Racial Studies, volume 34, number 10, 2011, 2017. pp. 1648\u20131664.<\/li>\n
                              37. Ramdev R., Nambiar S.D., Bhattacharya D. Sentimental Sovereignties: Hurt and the Political Unconscious \/\/ Sentiment, politics, censorship: the state of hurt. New Delhi 2016.324 p.<\/li>\n
                              38. Saudi Arabia Is Scrubbing Hate Speech from School Books. Why That’s a Win for the Trump Administration\/\/https:\/\/time.com\/5921721\/saudi-arabia-extremism-trump-administration\/?fbclid=IwAR06CpM0d Q3j4xHhG2AMEU vfmGrzNKF5Mw65 doouOo6OW0V4hi3D7jLMtU<\/li>\n
                              39. Saunders K.W. Degradation: What the History of Obscenity Tells Us about Hate Speech. New York; London, 2011,266 p.<\/li>\n
                              40. Schabas, W. \u2018International criminal law and tribunals and human rights\u2019, in: Sheeran, S., Sir Rodley, N. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of International Human Rights Law, Routledge, Abingdon, 2013, pp. 215\u2013230; Tonry, M.H., Farrington, D. P. (eds.), Building a Safer Society \u2013 Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention, Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1995)<\/li>\n
                              41. Tanya Hernandez. Hate Speech and the Language of Racism in Latin America, 32 U. Pa. J. Int\u2019l L. 805; 2010-2011.<\/li>\n
                              42. Tsesis A. Dignity and Speech:the Regulation of Hate Speech in a Democracy\/\/Wake Forest law review. 2009. Vol. 44,194 p.<\/li>\n
                              43. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Articles 1 and 2.<\/li>\n
                              44. Waldron, J., \u2018Protecting Dignity or Protection from Offense?\u2019, In The Harm in Hate Speech, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England, 2012, pp. 105-143. Retrieved June 17, 2020, available at www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt2jbrjd.7<\/li>\n
                              45. Whitten, S. \u2018Recognition, Authority Relations, and Rejecting Hate Speech\u2019, Ethic Theory Moral Prac 22, 2019, pp. 555\u2013571<\/li>\n
                              46. \u0414\u0437\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0418.\u041c. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u041c\u0418: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430 : \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \/ \u0427\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044b: \u0418\u0414 \u00ab\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u00bb, 2019,316 \u0441.<\/li>\n
                              47. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\/ \u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\/ \/https:\/\/www.osce.org\/files\/f\/documents\/a\/1\/36427.pdf<\/li>\n
                              48. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041e\u041e\u041d: \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\/ https:\/\/news.un.org\/ru\/ story\/ 2019\/10\/1365391<\/li>\n
                              49. \u041e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u201c\u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u201d \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\/\/ https:\/\/ypc.am\/upload\/Hate_Speech_October_2014_rus.pdf<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Lala Akbarova
                                \n<\/strong>Hate speech – Legal, Political, Cultural aspects.<\/strong>\u0130nternational Experience in Legal Regulation<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \u00a0<\/strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                The article analyzes the topic of “hate speech”, its legal, political, cultural aspects, as well as the world experience of its regulation. It is noted that hate speech and hate crimes, which have entered the legal and political vocabulary in recent years, threaten human rights, human dignity and equality, increase tensions between social groups, violate public order and threaten peaceful coexistence. The lack of appropriate preventive and responsive measures in this field undermines universal values in different countries.<\/p>\n

                                Studies of hate speech have become widespread in recent years, and many fields, including law, political science, linguistics, cultural studies, mediology, etc. study the radical aspects of the problem. At the same time, an exhaustive definition as a scientific term has not yet been formed.<\/p>\n

                                The article analyzes the growth of hate speech on social media and during the COVID-19 period.<\/p>\n

                                Considering the existing experience of \u201chate speech law\u201d, it is emphasized that paradoxes and contradictions between freedom of expression and restrictions on hate speech impede the achievement of positive results in this area.<\/p>\n

                                The conclusion notes that legal provisions are needed to improve the general perception of hate speech, improve existing standards for combating hate speech and take action against hate crimes.<\/p>\n

                                Key words: <\/strong>hate speech, Language of Hate, legal, political, cultural aspects, social networks, hate crimes, regulation, world experience, European Union, USA, Japan, Azerbaijan.<\/p>\n

                                \u041b\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u043a\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430
                                \n<\/strong>\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b. <\/strong>\u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                                \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0442.\u0434. \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u043b\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n

                                \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 COVID-19.<\/p>\n

                                \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435,\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

                                \u0412 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0435.<\/p>\n

                                \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

                                \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430:<\/strong> \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442, \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437, \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d<\/p>\n

                                \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                Lal\u0259 \u018fKB\u018fROVA AMEA H\u00fcquq v\u0259 \u0130nsan Haqlar\u0131 \u0130nstitutunun doktorant\u0131, Milli M\u0259clisin \u0130nsan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 komit\u0259sinin eksperti Bak\u0131, Az\u0259rbaycan E-mail: l.akbarova88@gmail.com X\u00fclas\u0259. M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 \u201cnifr\u0259t nitqi\u201dnin h\u00fcquqi, siyasi, m\u0259d\u0259ni aspektl\u0259ri v\u0259 onun t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259 d\u00fcnya t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si t\u0259hlil edilir. Qeyd olunur ki, son ill\u0259rd\u0259 qanuni v\u0259 siyasi leksikona daxil olan nifr\u0259t nitqi v\u0259 nifr\u0259t cinay\u0259tl\u0259ri insan haqlar\u0131n\u0131, insan l\u0259yaq\u0259tini v\u0259 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":611,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-610","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cild-1--1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/610","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=610"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/610\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":613,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/610\/revisions\/613"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/611"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=610"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=610"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=610"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}