{"id":933,"date":"2023-10-04T12:22:44","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T08:22:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/?p=933"},"modified":"2023-10-04T12:23:40","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T08:23:40","slug":"siddetin-haritasi-turkistan-cografyasinda-siyasi-topraklar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/2023\/10\/04\/siddetin-haritasi-turkistan-cografyasinda-siyasi-topraklar\/","title":{"rendered":"\u015e\u0130DDET\u0130N HAR\u0130TASI: T\u00dcRK\u0130STAN CO\u011eRAFYASINDA S\u0130YAS\u0130 TOPRAKLAR"},"content":{"rendered":"

Saliha Gizem \u00d6NDER<\/strong><\/p>\n

Azerbaycan Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Ba\u011fl\u0131 Devlet \u0130darecilik Akademisi<\/em><\/p>\n

Doktora \u00f6\u011frencisi<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

E-mail: ondersalihagizem@gmail.com<\/em><\/p>\n

ORCID: 0000-0003-0784-1729<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00d6zet. <\/strong>Mark Neocleous, \u201cDevleti Tahayy\u00fcl Etmek\u201d isimli eserinin \u201cHaritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015eiddeti\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde haritalar\u0131 egemen siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u015fekillenen ve devleti varl\u0131k haline getiren \u015fiddeti maskeleyen tasar\u0131lar olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Neocleous\u2019un dikkatlere sundu\u011fu bu iddia s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n belirlenirken haritalar\u0131n dahi gizleyemedi\u011fi, devletlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131 olan topraklar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihtimalini akla getirmektedir. \u201cHaritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015fiddeti\u201dnin, \u201c\u015fiddetin haritas\u0131\u201dna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc co\u011frafyalara y\u00f6nelik bir inceleme yapma gayretinde olan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanan K\u0131rg\u0131zistan-\u00d6zbekistan-Tacikistan devletlerindeki anklav-eksklav topraklar\u0131n durumunu konu edinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Anahtar kelimeler:<\/strong> haritac\u0131l\u0131k, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrkistan, anklav, eksklav<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Neocleous\u2019a g\u00f6re harita devletin topra\u011fa dayal\u0131 imgeleminin somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olan politik bir objeye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmektedir. Haritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihini monar\u015fik bir iktidar\u0131n ve y\u00fckselen t\u00fcccar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olumland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na dayand\u0131ran yazar, haritay\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6netici elitinin hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n tamamlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. Bu itibarla haritalar b\u00fcy\u00fck Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ticari bak\u0131mdan de\u011ferli topraklar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti i\u00e7in \u00e7eki\u015fmelerini temsil etmektedir. Tabiat kendi ba\u015f\u0131na hi\u00e7bir politik bi\u00e7ime sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan egemenlik mekan\u0131 kapsaman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde yaratmaktad\u0131r [7]. Haritalar ise bu politik i\u015flevin yard\u0131m\u0131yla d\u00fcnyay\u0131 in\u015fa etmekte ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 yaratmakta kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Haritalaman\u0131n devletlerin topra\u011fa dayal\u0131 arzular\u0131n\u0131n somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem arz etti\u011fini ifade eden Neocleous, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci iktidar\u0131n y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan iyi bir teknik oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatmaktad\u0131r [7]. Devlet egemenli\u011finin co\u011frafi otoritenin mitsel bir kudretinden do\u011fdu\u011fu kabul\u00fc, haritalar\u0131n tarihsel olarak yaln\u0131zca devlet erki merkezine yak\u0131n olanlar\u0131n ula\u015fabildi\u011fi ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir bilgi oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Ulusal g\u00fcvenlik k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131 alt\u0131nda haritalar\u0131n evrensel olarak sans\u00fcrlenmesi, gizli tutulmas\u0131 ve tahrif edilmesi bahse konu ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bilgiye ula\u015fman\u0131n kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir [7]. Haritalar egemen siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bilgisini ve kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 iletmenin en etkili tasar\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 meridyeninin Londra\u2019da yer alan Greenwich kasabas\u0131 olarak kabul edilmesi dahi bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Haritan\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131smen yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemesinde yatmas\u0131, haritan\u0131n se\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve kodlanm\u0131\u015f bir tasvir oldu\u011funun unutulmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Harita ikamet edenlerin \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015febilece\u011fi bir devlet imgesinin bi\u00e7imlenmesine yard\u0131m ederek halk\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemlidir. Neocleous\u2019a g\u00f6re haritalar\u0131n \u00fclkede ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlamda b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesinde ve onlar\u0131n politik tahayy\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn devlet etraf\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131nda ciddi katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Haritalar ki\u015filere vatan\u0131ndaki k\u00f6klerini o topraktaki ger\u00e7ek fiziksel k\u00f6kleri gibi tahayy\u00fcl etme imkan\u0131 verdi\u011finden, devletin hi\u00e7bir rol oynamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlarda bile ulusal sahan\u0131n merkezli\u011finin ifadesidir [7].<\/p>\n

Haritalar devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izildi\u011fi politik ve \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren s\u00fcre\u00e7leri maskeledi\u011finden devletin kendi topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlar olarak de\u011ferlendirmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r. Haritalar\u0131n egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n devletin i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddeti politik tahayy\u00fclden silme e\u011filiminde oldu\u011funu dile getiren Neocleous, devlet akl\u0131 alt\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen eylemlerin bir siyasal iktidar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131ndan ziyade do\u011fal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7erir gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesindeki etkisine dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir [7]. Devletin varl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131nda etkisi olan \u015fiddetin haritalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla gizlendi\u011fine y\u00f6nelik iddia, haritalarda dahi gizlenemeyen \u015fiddetin var olabilme ihtimalini akla getirmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkeler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan s\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131 haritalar\u0131n do\u011fal olmaktan \u00f6te egemen siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin tasar\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bu karga\u015faya bir de birbirinin i\u00e7ine ge\u00e7mi\u015f topraklar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklenince kartografik sans\u00fcr dahi yetersiz kalmakta, haritalar bile devletlerin \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 saklayamamaktad\u0131r. Anklav ve eksklav topraklar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda Neocleous\u2019un ifadesiyle \u201charitac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015fiddeti\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc \u201c\u015fiddetin haritas\u0131na\u201d \u00e7evirmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7e Ge\u00e7mi\u015f Topraklar: <\/strong>Anklav ve Eksklav<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Anklav ve eksklav topraklar uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u201c\u00e7evreleyen \u00fclkenin etine saplanm\u0131\u015f k\u0131ym\u0131k\u201d ya da \u201cayakkab\u0131daki ta\u015f\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir [2]. Her iki toprak tipinin neye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fi tan\u0131mlan\u0131rsa de\u011ferlendirmede hakl\u0131l\u0131k pay\u0131 oldu\u011fu hemen fark edilecektir. Anklav toprak, siyasi co\u011frafyada tamamen ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 dahilinde yer alan toprak par\u00e7as\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Eksklav toprak ise siyasi olarak ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeye co\u011frafi a\u00e7\u0131dan ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan bu \u00fclke ile aras\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke ya da \u00fclkeler bulunan toprak par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r [2]. S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00e7izilmesinde bir tak\u0131m \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler belirlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da ortaya at\u0131lan yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n do\u011fal-yapay s\u0131n\u0131r ikili\u011fini ge\u00e7emedi\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u015eekil 1.<\/strong>\u2019in sol k\u0131sm\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Y \u00fclkesinin i\u00e7inde yer alan X \u00fclke par\u00e7as\u0131 Y \u00fclkesine g\u00f6re anklav, X \u00fclkesine g\u00f6re ise eksklav konumdad\u0131r. \u015eeklin sa\u011f\u0131nda ise Y \u00fclkesi i\u00e7inde yer alan X \u00fclke par\u00e7as\u0131 X \u00fclkesine g\u00f6re eksklavd\u0131r, fakat Z \u00fclkesi ile s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Y \u00fclkesine g\u00f6re anklav de\u011fildir. \u00d6rneklerle a\u00e7\u0131klamak gerekirse S\u00fcleyman \u015eah T\u00fcrbesi\u2019nin bulundu\u011fu alan, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin eksklav\u0131yken, Suriye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan anklav alan durumundad\u0131r. Vatikan, \u0130talya i\u00e7in bir anklav oldu\u011fu halde herhangi bir \u00fclke a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan eksklav de\u011fildir. Bununla birlikte Polonya ve Litvanya aras\u0131ndaki Kaliningrad b\u00f6lgesi, Rusya Federasyonu\u2019nun eksklav\u0131 oldu\u011fu halde herhangi bir \u00fclkenin anklav\u0131 de\u011fildir [11].<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. T\u00fcrkistan Co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki <\/strong>Anklav-Eksklav Topraklar<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Politikan\u0131n co\u011frafyay\u0131, co\u011frafyan\u0131n da politikay\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Orta Asya co\u011frafyalar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan s\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 talep edilen topraklar\u0131n Sovyetler d\u00f6neminden izler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bahse konu co\u011frafyalarda s\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131 pek \u00e7ok nedene dayand\u0131r\u0131labilse de anklav ve eksklav topraklar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara sebep olmakta, ilgili devletlerce \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131 aranmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131rg\u0131zistan-\u00d6zbekistan-Tacikistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan b\u00f6lgelerdeki bu i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f topraklar\u0131n mevcut konumlar\u0131n\u0131n anlamland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tarihlerine bakmak \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n

      Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1860 civarlar\u0131nda \u015fimdiki Orta Asya co\u011frafyas\u0131na geldi\u011finde T\u00fcrkistan Umum Vilayeti\u2019ni kurarak T\u00fcrkistan ismini siyasi bir birim olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali\u2019nden sonra ise b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131, varl\u0131k g\u00f6sterdikleri co\u011frafyalar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 milletler olarak kabul edilmi\u015f ve farkl\u0131 \u00f6zerk cumhuriyetlerin vatanda\u015flar\u0131 haline getirilmi\u015flerdir. Bu durum her \u00f6zerk cumhuriyetin vatanda\u015flar\u0131ndan di\u011fer boylara mensup olanlar i\u00e7in \u00f6zerk b\u00f6lgeler olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na ya da anklav-eksklav toprak uygulamalar\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur [11].<\/p>\n

      1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ta\u015fkent\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen Be\u015finci Sovyet Kongresi karar\u0131 gere\u011fince Rusya Federasyonu b\u00fcnyesinde T\u00fcrkistan Bol\u015fevik \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti kurulmu\u015ftur. Buhara ve Harezm Devletleri ise T\u00fcrkistan \u00d6zerk Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulmu\u015f, T\u00fcrkistan bu sebeple ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Harita 1.\u2019de de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Bol\u015feviklerin politikalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde T\u00fcrkistan d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Eyl\u00fcl 1929\u2019da \u00d6zbekistan\u2019\u0131n Hocent B\u00f6lgesi Tacikistan\u2019a verilmi\u015f ve ad\u0131 Leninabad olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Fergana Vadisi\u2019nde ba\u015flayan kanal in\u015faat\u0131 sebebiyle Tacikistan\u2019a verilen bu topra\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tekrar \u00d6zbekistan\u2019a iade edilmi\u015ftir. Benzer bir \u00f6rnek \u00d6zbekistan ve Kazakistan aras\u0131nda da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kazakistan topra\u011f\u0131 olan Karakalpakistan \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi, 1936 tarihinde \u00d6zbekistan\u2019a verilmi\u015ftir [6].<\/p>\n

      1922 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda T\u00fcrk temsilciler taraf\u0131ndan Semerkant\u2019ta T\u00fcrkistan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 II. Kurultay\u2019\u0131nda T\u00fcrk M\u00fcstakil \u0130slam Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik 36 maddelik Anayasa kabul edilse de bu giri\u015fim uygulamada kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulamam\u0131\u015f, kurultay gere\u011fi toplanan heyet de bir zaman sonra da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r [3]. Buhara Halk Cumhuriyeti \u00f6nce Buhara SSC\u2019ne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, sonras\u0131nda \u00d6zbekistan ve T\u00fcrkmenistan SSC\u2019lerine kat\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilse de 27 Ekim 1924\u2019de Buhara SSC\u2019nin kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilan edilmi\u015ftir. Harezm Halk Cumhuriyeti ise 20 Ekim 1924\u2019te \u00f6nce Harezm Sosyalist Sovyet Cumhuriyeti olarak ilan edilmi\u015f, sonras\u0131nda 30 Ekim 1924\u2019te yap\u0131lan kurultayla topraklar\u0131 \u00d6zbek, T\u00fcrkmen ve Karakalpaklar aras\u0131nda taksim edilerek Harezm Devleti tamamen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r [5].<\/p>\n

      5 Nisan 1924 tarihinde Rusya Kom\u00fcnist Partisi taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan \u00f6zel bir komisyonla T\u00fcrkistan co\u011frafyas\u0131nda ulusal b\u00f6lge s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda T\u00fcrkistan \u00d6zerk SSC Merkez Y\u00f6netim Komitesi\u2019nin oturumunda Orta Asya ulus b\u00f6lge s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir. 30 Aral\u0131k 1922\u2019de resmen kurulan SSCB Stalin\u2019in \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Rusya Sovyet Federatif Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti, Ukrayna Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti, Belorus Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti, Transkafkasya Sovyet Federatif Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti olarak d\u00f6rt devletten olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. 1924 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde ise \u201cbir etni-bir toprak\u201d ilkesiyle t\u00fcm idari varl\u0131klar feshedilip, Orta Asya haritas\u0131 yeniden \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir [4]. B\u00f6ylece bir yanda T\u00fcrkmenistan ve \u00d6zbekistan SSC\u2019leri, di\u011fer yanda her ikisi de Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 olan K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve Karak\u0131rg\u0131zistan \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyetleri ve Karakalpakistan \u00f6zerk b\u00f6lgesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1929\u2019da Tacikistan \u00d6zbekistan\u2019dan ayr\u0131larak bir Sovyet Cumhuriyeti olurken K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131 Kazakistan, Karak\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131 ise K\u0131rg\u0131zistan olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (8). T\u00fcrkistan co\u011frafyas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik al\u0131nan kararlarla ayn\u0131 halk\u0131n farkl\u0131 ulus devletlere ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 neticesinde suni s\u0131n\u0131rlarla devletler olu\u015fturulmu\u015f, yeni b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada Neocleous\u2019un haritalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli siyasal sorunlar\u0131 \u00f6rtbas ederek tarihsel anlamda olumsal olan\u0131 do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rmaya hizmet etti\u011fine y\u00f6nelik ifadesini hat\u0131rlamak yerinde olacakt\u0131r [7].<\/p>\n

      13 \u015eubat 1925\u2019te Buhara\u2019daki I. \u00d6zbek Sovyet Kongresi\u2019nde 17 \u015eubat\u2019ta \u00d6zbekistan SSC\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir bildiri yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00d6zbekistan SSC\u2019nin ilk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Ta\u015fkent, Semerkant, Fergana, Ka\u015fkaderya, Zaraf\u015fan, Surhanderya, Harezm vilayetlerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir de Tacikistan \u00d6zerk SSC yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zbekistan\u2019\u0131n ikinci s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, i\u00e7ine Harezm, Buhara, Orta Zaraf\u015fan, Semerkant, Hocent, Andican, Ta\u015fkent, Kokand, Ka\u015fkaderya, Surhanderya ile Kazak-Karakalpak\u2019\u0131 alacak \u015fekilde belirlenmi\u015ftir. 16 Ekim 1929 tarihinde ise \u00d6zbekistan SSC\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 Tacikistan \u00d6SSC, \u00d6zbekistan\u2019dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z SSC haline getirilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6ncesinde \u00d6zbekistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan Hocent ise Tacikistan SSC\u2019ne verilmi\u015ftir [11].<\/p>\n

      Kom\u00fcnist Parti Merkez Kom\u00fctesi\u2019nin II. Kongresi karar\u0131 gere\u011fince 14 Ekim 1924\u2019de Rusya Federasyonu i\u00e7erisinde Kara-K\u0131rg\u0131z \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi kurulmu\u015f, 25 May\u0131s 1925 karar\u0131yla da ismi K\u0131rg\u0131z \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131rg\u0131z \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin temsilcilerinin talebi ve SSCB Merkez y\u00f6netiminin karar\u0131yla 1 \u015eubat 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131zistan SSC, i\u00e7ine Bi\u015fkek\u2019i, Fergana ve Hokand\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerini, O\u015f ve Pamir\u2019in kuzeyini, Nemangan ile Andican\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131, Karakol b\u00f6lgesini, Evliya Ata\u2019n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 alacak \u015fekilde kurulmu\u015ftur [11].<\/p>\n

      Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, \u00d6zbekistan ve Tacikistan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na karar verilirken ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar, birbirlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sebep olmu\u015f, anklav ve eksklav toprak tiplerinin b\u00f6lgedeki \u00f6rneklerini meydana getirmi\u015ftir. Fergana Vadisi\u2019nde yakla\u015f\u0131k 100.000 ki\u015filik n\u00fcfusu olan sekiz anklav-eksklav toprak bulunmaktad\u0131r. Su ve toprak payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n da anklavlar\u0131n-eksklavlar\u0131n \u00fczerinden sa\u011flanmas\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r [6].<\/p>\n

      Fergana Vadisi\u2019nde bulunan anklavlardan \u00f6zellikle Barak, \u015eahimerdan, Soh ve Voruh\u2019ta su ve toprak payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve ula\u015f\u0131m a\u011flar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r [6]. Sarvak ve Soh\u2019ta hakim n\u00fcfusun topra\u011f\u0131n sahibi olunan \u00fclkeden olmamas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Soh anklav\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi b\u00f6lgede do\u011falgaz \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor olmas\u0131nda ve SSCB d\u00f6neminde Sovyetlerin askeri \u00fcss\u00fcne ev sahipli\u011fi yapmas\u0131nda aranabilir [9]. K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019\u0131n Soh anklav\u0131nda ya\u015fayan halk etnik olarak Tacik oldu\u011fu halde \u00d6zbekistan\u2019\u0131n egemenli\u011findedir. Bu itibarla Soh, Tacikistan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan soyda\u015fl\u0131k, \u00d6zbekistan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise egemenlik sorununun kayna\u011f\u0131 konumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Sovyet cumhuriyetlerinin olu\u015fum a\u015famas\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n isimlendirilmesine y\u00f6nelik ya\u015fanan ve sonras\u0131nda d\u00fczeltilen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hat\u0131rlamak da yerinde olacakt\u0131r. \u00c7arl\u0131k rejiminin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla kurulan ve 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda kald\u0131r\u0131lan Ala\u015f Orda Devleti\u2019nin yerine Kazakistan\u2019da Rusya Sovyet Federe Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti b\u00fcnyesinde K\u0131rg\u0131z \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemde Bol\u015feviklerin Kazaklara K\u0131rg\u0131z, K\u0131rg\u0131zlara ise Kara-K\u0131rg\u0131z demelerinden kaynaklanan yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k 25 May\u0131s 1936 SSCB Anayasas\u0131 ile d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f ve Kazakistan ve K\u0131rg\u0131zistan birbirinden ayr\u0131 Sovyet cumhuriyetleri olarak anayasada yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (10). K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve \u00d6zbekistan aras\u0131ndaki anklav-eksklav topraklarla ilgili sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in 5 Eyl\u00fcl 2017 tarihinde \u00d6zbekistan ve K\u0131rg\u0131zistan liderlerinin Bi\u015fkek\u2019te bir araya gelmesi ilk temaslar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir [11].<\/p>\n

      1 A\u011fustos 2018\u2019de \u00d6zbekistan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Abdulla Aripov\u2019un Bi\u015fkek\u2019i ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019\u0131n \u00d6zbekistan\u2019daki Barak eksklav\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k arazi takas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131na, Barak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesindeki verimli topraklar\u0131n K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019a verilmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karar neticesinde K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019a ait Barak eksklav\u0131 \u00d6zbekistan\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131lacak, \u00d6zbekistan ise Barak ile e\u015fit b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe sahip O\u015f b\u00f6lgesindeki Akta\u015f k\u00f6y\u00fc ile s\u0131n\u0131rda\u015f olan Birleshken k\u00f6y\u00fcnden baz\u0131 topraklar\u0131 K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019a verecektir [11].<\/p>\n

      23-25 Mart 2021 tarihinde Ta\u015fkent\u2019te K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve \u00d6zbekistan yetkililerinin bir araya geldi\u011fi toplant\u0131da ise K\u0131rg\u0131zistan Milli G\u00fcvenlik Devlet Komitesi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 General Kam\u00e7\u0131bek Ta\u015fiyev iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r sorununun y\u00fczde y\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturuldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015ftir. Orto-Tokoy Baraj\u0131 ile birlikte 477 hektar arazinin K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019a ge\u00e7mesine ve baraj\u0131n suyunun % 95\u2019inin \u00d6zbekistan taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir. Ancak kesin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme \u00fc\u00e7 ay i\u00e7erisinde ula\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 dile getirilmi\u015ftir [1].<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Mark Neocleous\u2019un, haritalar\u0131n egemen g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda varl\u0131k kazan\u0131rken \u015fiddetlerini gizleyerek olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 tasar\u0131mlar oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131, varl\u0131klar\u0131 maskelenemeyen topraklar\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgulamas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Haritalar \u00fczerinde g\u00f6sterilmek durumunda kalan anklav ve eksklav topraklar s\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n temel sebeplerinden biri olmakla \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n inceleme nesneleri olan K\u0131rg\u0131zistan-\u00d6zbekistan-Tacikistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunan anklav ve eksklavlar b\u00f6lgesel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin ilk d\u00f6neminde Orta Asya co\u011frafyas\u0131nda Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetlerin kurulmas\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ve yap\u0131lan s\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimler birbirlerinin i\u00e7ine ge\u00e7mi\u015f topraklar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrkistan \u00d6zerk Sosyalist Cumhuriyetinin kurulmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00f6nce T\u00fcrkistan \u00d6SC b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, sonras\u0131nda ise yerine K\u0131rg\u0131zistan SSC, Kazakistan SSC, \u00d6zbekistan SSC, T\u00fcrkmenistan SSC ve Tacikistan SSC\u2019lerin ge\u00e7mesiyle devam etmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkistan \u00d6SC gibi yekpare bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli cumhuriyetlere ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n nas\u0131l belirlenece\u011fi sorusunu beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. \u201cBir etni- bir toprak\u201d ilkesiyle Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmek co\u011frafyada halklar\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi ile birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir hayli zordur. Bu zorluk anklav ve eksklav topraklar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki \u00f6rneklerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

      Su ve toprak payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n da \u00fczerinden sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anklav-eksklav topraklar b\u00f6lgesel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara da sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir. S\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haritalar\u0131n do\u011fal de\u011fil yapay oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan fikir verebilir. Bu yapayl\u0131k Sovyet sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrk cumhuriyetleri i\u00e7in \u201c\u015fiddetin haritas\u0131\u201dna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Aliyev, N. (2021). <\/em>K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve \u00d6zbekistan Aras\u0131ndaki S\u0131n\u0131r Sorunu Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 Arazi De\u011fi\u015fimiyle \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc. – https:\/\/www.haberler.com\/kirgizistan-ile-ozbekistan-arasindaki-sinir- sorunu-14022936-haberi\/<\/li>\n
      2. Demir, T. (2020).<\/em> Anklav, Eksklav ve U\u00e7 Topraklar-G\u00fcvenlik \u0130li\u015fkisi. \/\/ G\u00fcvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, UGK \u00d6zel Say\u0131s\u0131, s. 51-77.<\/li>\n
      3. E\u015fov, B. (2012). <\/em>Turkiston Avtonom Sovet Respublikasi (Turkistan Respublikasi). – https:\/\/shosh.uz\/uz\/turkiston-avtonom-sovet-respublikasi-turkiston-respublikasi-2\/<\/li>\n
      4. Hasano\u011flu, \u0130. (2015). <\/em>Homo Soviet\u0131cus: SSCB\u2019de Sovyet Halk\u0131 \u0130n\u015fas\u0131 \u00c7abalar\u0131. \/\/ Turkish Studies 10 (1), s. 311-340.<\/li>\n
      5. Hayit B. (1978). <\/em>T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Rus Emperyalizminin \u0130zleri. \u0130stanbul: Sabah Gazetesi K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/li>\n
      6. Joldoshov, A. (2019). <\/em>Kimlik ve S\u0131n\u0131r: Orta Asya\u2019da S\u0131n\u0131r Sorunlar\u0131. \/\/ T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u0130ncelemeleri Dergisi 19 (2), s. 303-326.<\/li>\n
      7. Neocleous, M. (2015). <\/em>Devleti Tahayy\u00fcl Etmek. Ankara: NotaBene Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/li>\n
      8. Roy, O. (2016). Yeni Orta Asya ya da Uluslar\u0131n \u0130mal Edili\u015fi. \u0130stanbul: Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/li>\n
      9. Uulu, U.A. (2006). <\/em>1990 sonras\u0131 K\u0131rg\u0131zistan d\u0131\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve NATO. (Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi). \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, \u0130stanbul.<\/li>\n
      10. Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya, A. (1999). <\/em>Yetmi\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Kriz: Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde Moskova-T\u00fcrkler \u0130li\u015fkileri. \u0130stanbul: Beta.<\/li>\n
      11. Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya, A. Ve Ab\u0131dzhanov, K. (2020).<\/em> \u00d6zbekistan ve K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019daki Anklav\/Ekslav Alanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm S\u00fcreci. \/\/ MANAS Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Dergisi 9 (4), s. 2653-2667.<\/li>\n
      12. Border incidents in Central Asian enclaves. \/OCHA: Humanitarian BulletinSouth Caucasus and Central Asia, Issue 02 | 1 January \u2013 30 June 2013\/ – https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/HB_ROCCA_20130709%20EN.pdf<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

         <\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Saliha Gizem \u00d6nd\u0259r<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u015e\u0130DD\u018fT\u0130N X\u018fR\u0130T\u018fS\u0130: T\u00dcRK\u0130STAN CO\u011eRAF\u0130YASINDA S\u0130YAS\u0130 TORPAQLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong>X\u00fclas\u0259<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Mark Neokleus \u201cD\u00f6vl\u0259ti t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr etm\u0259k\u201d adl\u0131 \u0259s\u0259rinin \u201cKartoqrafiyan\u0131n \u015fidd\u0259ti\u201d b\u00f6lm\u0259sind\u0259 x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259ri hakim siyasi g\u00fccl\u0259rin maraqlar\u0131 istiqam\u0259tind\u0259 formala\u015fan v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti meydana g\u0259tir\u0259n \u015fidd\u0259ti \u00f6rt-basd\u0131r ed\u0259n dizaynlar kimi qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirir. Neokleusun diqq\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu iddia s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri t\u0259yin ed\u0259rk\u0259n x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259rin bel\u0259 gizl\u0259d\u0259 bilm\u0259diyi d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin maraqlar\u0131na uy\u011fun m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u0259si olan torpaqlar\u0131n m\u00f6vcud olma ehtimal\u0131n\u0131 a\u011f\u0131la g\u0259tirir. \u201cKartoqrafiyan\u0131n \u015fidd\u0259ti\u201dnin \u201c\u015fidd\u0259tin x\u0259rit\u0259si\u201dn\u0259 \u00e7evrildiyi co\u011frafiyalar\u0131 t\u0259hlil etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu ara\u015fd\u0131rmada Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qillik \u0259ld\u0259 etdikd\u0259n sonra Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan-\u00d6zb\u0259kistan-Tacikistan d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259ki anklav-eksklav torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259ziyy\u0259tind\u0259n b\u0259hs edilir.<\/p>\n

        A\u00e7ar s\u00f6zl\u0259r: <\/strong>kartoqrafiya, Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131, T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan, anklav, eksklav<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Saliha Gizem \u00d6nder<\/strong><\/p>\n

        MAP OF VIOLENCE: POLITICAL LANDS IN TURKESTAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Mark Neocleous, in the “Violence of Cartography” section of his work “Imagining the State”, evaluates maps as designs that mask the violence that is shaped in line with the interests of the dominant political powers and brings the state into existence. This claim, brought to attention by Neocleous, brings to mind the possibility of the existence of lands that are conflict areas in line with the interests of the states, which even the maps cannot hide while determining the borders. This study, which endeavors to analyze the geographies where the “violence of cartography” has turned into a “map of violence”, is about the situation of the enclave-exclave lands in the Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan-Tajikistan states that gained their independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n

        Keywords: <\/strong>Cartography, Soviet Union, Turkestan, enclave, esclave<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Saliha Gizem \u00d6NDER Azerbaycan Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Ba\u011fl\u0131 Devlet \u0130darecilik Akademisi Doktora \u00f6\u011frencisi \u00a0 E-mail: ondersalihagizem@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0003-0784-1729   \u00d6zet. Mark Neocleous, \u201cDevleti Tahayy\u00fcl Etmek\u201d isimli eserinin \u201cHaritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015eiddeti\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde haritalar\u0131 egemen siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u015fekillenen ve devleti varl\u0131k haline getiren \u015fiddeti maskeleyen tasar\u0131lar olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Neocleous\u2019un dikkatlere sundu\u011fu bu iddia s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n belirlenirken haritalar\u0131n dahi gizleyemedi\u011fi, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":893,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-933","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-article-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/933","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=933"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/933\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":934,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/933\/revisions\/934"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=933"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=933"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=933"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}