{"id":939,"date":"2023-10-04T12:37:23","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T08:37:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/?p=939"},"modified":"2023-10-04T12:37:23","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T08:37:23","slug":"utopik-dunyagorusu-skandinaviya-olkelerinde-sosial-siyasetin-menbeyi-kimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/2023\/10\/04\/utopik-dunyagorusu-skandinaviya-olkelerinde-sosial-siyasetin-menbeyi-kimi\/","title":{"rendered":"UTOP\u0130K D\u00dcNYAG\u00d6R\u00dc\u015e\u00dc SKAND\u0130NAV\u0130YA \u00d6LK\u018fL\u018fR\u0130ND\u018f SOS\u0130AL S\u0130YAS\u018fT\u0130N M\u018fNB\u018fY\u0130 K\u0130M\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcnel QARAYEVA <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bak\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259t Universitetinin dissertant\u0131 <\/em><\/p>\n

Bak\u0131, Az\u0259rbaycan<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>E-mail: gunel.q@outlook.com<\/em><\/p>\n

ORCID: 0000-0002-0861-634X<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

X\u00fclas\u0259.<\/strong> Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri sosial siyas\u0259tinin imkanlar\u0131ndan c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 m\u00f6vcud nizam v\u0259 birliyi qorumaq, \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259razisind\u0259 ya\u015fayan h\u0259r bir \u015f\u0259xs, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n miqrantlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn geni\u015f h\u00fcquqlar t\u0259min etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 istifad\u0259 edir. M\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u00fcdd\u0259t sonra Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 \u00f6z d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin rifah\u0131 v\u0259 sosial-demokratik \u0259saslar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 bar\u0259d\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar. M\u0259d\u0259ni m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259r sosial proqramlar\u0131n davaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 problemi il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirildi v\u0259 Skandinaviya kimliyi v\u0259 birliyi b\u00f6hran\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 debatlara t\u0259kan verdi. Ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar onu n\u00fcmayi\u015f etdirir ki, modern d\u00f6vrd\u0259 miqrasiya siyas\u0259tinin t\u0259siri alt\u0131nda \u0259sas g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259ri s\u0259br, ita\u0259t v\u0259 rasionall\u0131q olan Skandinaviya insan\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyag\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn transformasiyas\u0131 ba\u015f verir. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 problemi h\u0259ll etm\u0259yin yegan\u0259 yolu b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259 \u0259hali il\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259kdir, \u00e7\u00fcnki ba\u015fqa yol dem\u0259k olar ki, ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259 \u00e7evrilir.<\/p>\n

M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 sosial siyas\u0259t, skandinavizm ideologiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259m\u0259xsus c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259ri t\u0259hlil edilmi\u015f, \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259t b\u00f6hran\u0131 sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259t modelinin \u0259n ciddi probleml\u0259rind\u0259n biri kimi n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irilmi\u015f, h\u0259m\u00e7inin Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin miqrasiya siyas\u0259ti v\u0259 miqrasiyan\u0131n h\u00fcquqi t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259 yaranan \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259r\u0259 diqq\u0259t yetirilmi\u015f, islam dinin\u0259 Avropa v\u0259 Skandinaviya \u0259razisind\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259t analiz edilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7ar s\u00f6zl\u0259r:<\/strong> sosial siyas\u0259t, sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259t modeli, sosial s\u00fclh, xo\u015fb\u0259xtliyin skandinav prinsipl\u0259ri, individualizm, kollektivizm<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

“Skandinaviya” konsepsiyas\u0131 son ill\u0259r sad\u0259c\u0259 irqi kateqoriya kimi deyil, h\u0259m\u00e7inin m\u00fcc\u0259rr\u0259d bir ideal kimi t\u0259zah\u00fcr etdi. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 i\u015fsizlik h\u0259ddinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu v\u0259 g\u00fccl\u00fc iqtisadi art\u0131m\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edildiyi d\u00f6vrd\u0259 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f rifah modelinin saxlan\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li son vaxtlar m\u00fcmk\u00fcn yollar axtar\u0131l\u0131r. Miqrasiyan\u0131n m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259b\u0259bi iqtisadi b\u00f6hrandan sonra onun Skandinaviya d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin sosial siyas\u0259tinin sabitliyin\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 yaratmas\u0131 idi. Bel\u0259 bir siyas\u0259tin b\u00fct\u00fcn faydalar\u0131na baxmayaraq, miqrantlar c\u0259miyy\u0259tin son d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 yoxsul t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259si olaraq qald\u0131lar. Bu hal iqtisadiyyat v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259ki d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq, rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259ti modelind\u0259 b\u0259zi d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r\u0259 \u015f\u0259rait yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Miqrantlar\u0131n g\u0259li\u015fi il\u0259 \u00e7oxdinli, \u00e7oxm\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tli sistem skandinaviyada h\u00f6km s\u00fcrm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. Hal-haz\u0131rda Skandinaviya \u0259razisind\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni, dini d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131durmas\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilir. Yar\u0131m \u0259srd\u0259n \u00e7oxdur ki, \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 sosial probleml\u0259r\u0259 sosial-demokrat partiyalar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n diqq\u0259t art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, h\u0259mkarlar ittifaqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 rolu art\u0131r, sosial m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r ictimai m\u00fcqavil\u0259 yolu il\u0259 h\u0259ll olunur, protestant etikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u0259mli rolu Skandinaviya \u0259razisind\u0259 itir. XXI \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259n rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin kollektivizm prinsipl\u0259ri liberal ideologiya, tolerantl\u0131q ideyalar\u0131 il\u0259 ziddiyy\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 f\u0259rdi d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r tamamil\u0259 ba\u015fqala\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Son ill\u0259rd\u0259 f\u0259rdl\u0259r aras\u0131nda qay\u011f\u0131 azal\u0131b, maddi maraqlar\u0131n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti art\u0131b. \u0130ndividualizm faktoru y\u00fcks\u0259lib: v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n siyasi aktivliyi azal\u0131b, ictimai t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 deideologizasiyas\u0131 ba\u015f verib, sosial \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli i\u015fl\u0259rd\u0259n praktiki f\u0259aliyy\u0259t\u0259 ke\u00e7id g\u00fccl\u0259nib, k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc f\u0259aliyy\u0259t v\u0259 xeyriyy\u0259\u00e7ilik il\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olan \u0259halinin say\u0131 azal\u0131b, idman\u0131n kommersiyala\u015fmas\u0131 prosesi aktiv \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 inki\u015faf edib v\u0259 individualla\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259nib. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n sosial-siyasi prosesl\u0259r ail\u0259 institutu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn neqativ n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131b. Norve\u00e7, \u0130sve\u00e7, Danimarka c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 nikah-ail\u0259 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri, ail\u0259nin daxili qurulu\u015fu, ail\u0259 t\u0259rkibi v\u0259 s. il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 probleml\u0259r ortaya \u00e7\u0131x\u0131b.<\/p>\n

M\u00f6vzunun i\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259si.<\/strong> Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 qurulmu\u015f rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259ti modeli bir \u00e7ox dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin sosioloq, iqtisad\u00e7\u0131 v\u0259 filosoflar\u0131n\u0131n diqq\u0259t m\u0259zk\u0259zind\u0259 olmu\u015fdur. Dig\u0259r Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin, h\u0259m\u00e7inin AB\u015e, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 v\u0259 Rusiyadan olan t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar Skandinaviya \u0259razisind\u0259ki sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259tin m\u00fcsb\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rinin \u00f6z \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259tbiqi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r ciddi ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar apar\u0131blar.<\/p>\n

T\u0259dqiqat\u0131n m\u0259qs\u0259di <\/strong>Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259ti modelinin qurulmas\u0131 \u015f\u0259raiti, nailiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri, s\u00fclh v\u0259 firavanl\u0131q d\u00f6vl\u0259tini m\u0259hv\u0259 do\u011fru aparan amill\u0259r, bunun qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn uy\u011fun \u0259razid\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irdiyi t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri t\u0259svir etm\u0259kdir.<\/p>\n

T\u0259dqiqat\u0131n metodoloji \u0259saslar\u0131.<\/strong> M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 analiz v\u0259 sintez, h\u0259m\u00e7inin tarixi-m\u00fcqayis\u0259li, tarixi-genetik, tarixi-tipoloji, h\u0259m\u00e7inin tarixi-sistem metodlar\u0131ndan, aksioloji yana\u015fma prinsipind\u0259n istifad\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 sosial siyas\u0259tin s\u0259ciyy\u0259vi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini t\u0259dqiq ed\u0259rk\u0259n induktiv v\u0259 deduktiv metoda m\u00fcraci\u0259t edilmi\u015fdir. M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259m\u00e7inin m\u0259zmunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, abstraktla\u015fd\u0131rma, \u00fcmumil\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259 kimi \u00fcmumelmi metodlardan da istifad\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir. M\u0259qal\u0259nin m\u0259nb\u0259 bazas\u0131n\u0131 sosioloqlar\u0131n, filosoflar\u0131n \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 sosial siyas\u0259tin m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yi v\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar t\u0259\u015fkil edir.<\/p>\n

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1.Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 <\/strong>sosial siyas\u0259t<\/strong><\/p>\n

Danimarka, \u0130slandiya, Norve\u00e7, Finlandiya v\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7 kimi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259tbiq edil\u0259n sosial siyas\u0259t modeli bir-birin\u0259 ox\u015fard\u0131r. Sosial inki\u015faf\u0131n etatik adlanan bu istiqam\u0259tinin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 sosial \u0259dal\u0259t\u0259, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n g\u0259lirl\u0259rinin b\u0259rab\u0259rl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sin\u0259, m\u00fclkiyy\u0259t b\u0259rab\u0259rsizliyinin azald\u0131lmas\u0131na v\u0259 rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131na \u0259saslanan sosial siyas\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkil edir [5]. \u018frazid\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n d\u00f6vl\u0259t proqramlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas \u015f\u00fcar\u0131 sosial b\u0259rab\u0259rliyin geni\u015fl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si idi, apar\u0131c\u0131 rol d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 m\u0259xsus idi. O, c\u0259miyy\u0259tin \u00fczvl\u0259rini y\u00fcks\u0259k ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f minimumu il\u0259 t\u0259min etm\u0259k, h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n ehtiyac\u0131 olanlara yard\u0131m g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k v\u0259zif\u0259sini da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. \u018fm\u0259k m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri sah\u0259sind\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259bat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn pul qazanmas\u0131na \u015f\u0259rait yaratmal\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259rin \u0259m\u0259k \u015f\u0259raitini yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259tin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na h\u0259m\u00e7inin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n siyasi h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 qorumaq v\u0259zif\u0259si qoyulmu\u015fdu. Bu t\u0259dbirl\u0259r c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 iqtisadi v\u0259 siyasi qar\u015f\u0131durmalar\u0131n olmamas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 maksimum sabitliyi t\u0259min etm\u0259li idi. \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 qanuni bax\u0131mdan ba\u015f ver\u0259n d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r dig\u0259r \u015eimali Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin sosial qanunvericiliyind\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6z \u0259ksini tapd\u0131. Klassik sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq, Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin sosial sferas\u0131nda x\u00fcsusi yeri m\u0259\u015f\u011fullu\u011fun t\u0259min edilm\u0259sin\u0259 istiqam\u0259tl\u0259nmi\u015f f\u0259al siyas\u0259t tutur. \u0130\u015fsizl\u0259rin statusunun m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259rt yana\u015fma onunla ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ki, \u0259m\u0259k qabiliyy\u0259tli \u0259halinin tam m\u0259\u015f\u011fullu\u011funa nail olunmas\u0131 \u0130sve\u00e7in sosial siyas\u0259tinin \u0259sasland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259sas prinsipl\u0259rd\u0259n biridir. M\u0259\u015f\u011fulluq problemi \u00fczr\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259r kompleksin\u0259 bunlar aiddir: i\u015f\u00e7i q\u00fcvv\u0259sinin yeti\u015fdirilm\u0259si, yeni i\u015f yerl\u0259rinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri, ictimai i\u015fl\u0259r, g\u0259ncl\u0259r komandalar\u0131, i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259n \u0259lill\u0259r\u0259 subsidiyalar, i\u015fsizl\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcavin\u0259tl\u0259rin \u00f6d\u0259nilm\u0259si v\u0259 s.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6vl\u0259t siyas\u0259tind\u0259 s\u0131\u011forta \u00e7ox \u00f6n\u0259mli yer tutur. G\u0259ncl\u0259r siyas\u0259tin\u0259 g\u0259linc\u0259, onun \u0259n maraql\u0131 istiqam\u0259ti g\u0259nc n\u0259slin kriminalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn 10-16 ya\u015fl\u0131 g\u0259ncl\u0259rin f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n g\u0259ncl\u0259r klublar\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r, \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259r b\u0259l\u0259diyy\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 g\u0259ncl\u0259rin asud\u0259 vaxtlar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 komit\u0259l\u0259r var, onlar g\u0259ncl\u0259r m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259rini, klublar\u0131 v\u0259 hobbi t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131 maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirirl\u0259r. \u015eimali Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259n xo\u015fb\u0259xt insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir. Danimarkal\u0131lar, norve\u00e7lil\u0259r, isve\u00e7lil\u0259r v\u0259 finl\u0259r bu bax\u0131mdan ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifad\u0259 edirl\u0259r. Bu n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r \u201cGallup\u201d agentliyinin apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rma n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 edilib [6].<\/p>\n

Norve\u00e7 20 ild\u0259n \u00e7oxdur ki, insan inki\u015faf\u0131 potensial\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u00fcnyada ilk yeri tutur, \u0259n sakit v\u0259 s\u00fclhsev\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259 olaraq q\u0259bul edilir. Ya\u015fl\u0131lar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn daima yeni t\u0259hsil imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 t\u0259hsil siyas\u0259tinin \u0259sas \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259rind\u0259ndir. Ya\u015fl\u0131 n\u0259slin n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rinin pe\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 bacar\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131na laz\u0131mi imkanlar yarad\u0131l\u0131r. Qeyri-h\u00f6kum\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131n, b\u0259l\u0259diyy\u0259l\u0259rin ya\u015fl\u0131 insanlar\u0131n t\u0259hsilinin t\u0259\u015fkil olunmas\u0131na c\u0259lb edilm\u0259sin\u0259 x\u00fcsusi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t verilir.<\/p>\n

Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259 edildikd\u0259 sosial xidm\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259, g\u00fccl\u00fc t\u0259hsil siyas\u0259tin\u0259 v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131na daha \u00e7ox diqq\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rirl\u0259r. Skandinaviya \u0259razisind\u0259 meydana \u00e7\u0131xan yeni ideologiyalar b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya m\u00fcxt\u0259lif yollarla t\u0259sir edir. Feministl\u0259r qad\u0131nlar\u0131n sosial-siyasi, iqtisadi haqlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fccl\u0259ndirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apar\u0131rlar. Norve\u00e7d\u0259ki feminist h\u0259r\u0259kat \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 qanunlar v\u0259 sosial ad\u0259tl\u0259r sah\u0259sind\u0259 islahatlar\u0131n apar\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli ir\u0259lil\u0259yi\u015f \u0259ld\u0259 edib.<\/p>\n

Ekologizm insanlar\u0131 t\u0259bi\u0259tin bir hiss\u0259si kimi q\u0259bul edir. Vahid bir tam kimi ya\u015famaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259bi\u0259tl\u0259 harmoniyada olmaq, biosferi qorumaq vacibdir. Arne Ness \u201cEkoloji m\u0259nlik\u201d, “D\u0259rin m\u0259n” konsepsiyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259 f\u0259rd kimi yox, canl\u0131lar al\u0259minin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259bi\u0259tin ifad\u0259 formalar\u0131 kimi hiss etm\u0259yimiz \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Ness f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259si, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, “da\u011f kimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn” \u015f\u00fcar\u0131 il\u0259 sonlan\u0131r. Tarix\u0259n \u0259traf m\u00fchiti \u00f6z maraqlar\u0131m\u0131za uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131rmaqla u\u011fur qazand\u0131q, istifad\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yimiz qaynaqlarla t\u0259min etm\u0259yin \u0259traf m\u00fchitin \u0259sas v\u0259zif\u0259si oldu\u011funa inand\u0131q. Da\u011f kimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259k o anlama g\u0259lir ki, \u0259sas mara\u011f\u0131m\u0131z t\u0259bi\u0259tin m\u00fchafiz\u0259si olmal\u0131d\u0131r; n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259, t\u0259bii f\u0259lak\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 bununla da keyfiyy\u0259tli h\u0259yatdan daha \u00e7ox z\u00f6vq al\u0131r\u0131q. Arne Ness, h\u0259m\u00e7inin Aldo Leopold d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r ki, abstrakt d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259timiz oldu\u011fundan t\u0259bi\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259ti \u00fcz\u0259rimiz\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259liyik. Heyvanlardan f\u0259rqli olaraq, \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259rimizin uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259rik v\u0259 bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n \u0259trafa olan m\u0259nfi t\u0259sirl\u0259rimizi azaltmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r \u015feyi etm\u0259k etik bir z\u0259rur\u0259tdir [1, s.4]. Bu \u201cgeni\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f \u015f\u00fcur\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda t\u0259zah\u00fcr edir.<\/p>\n

Ness d\u0259rin ekologiya konsepsiyas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259llifi v\u0259 eyni adl\u0131 c\u0259r\u0259yan\u0131n banisi hesab olunur. \u201cD\u0259rin ekologiya\u201d adlanan t\u0259limd\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq, “Ekosophi T” anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 onun \u015f\u0259xsi f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259sinin ad\u0131 idi. Ness, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, h\u0259r k\u0259sin \u00f6z f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259si \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259li oldu\u011funa inan\u0131rd\u0131. Ness\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar – ist\u0259r insan, ist\u0259r heyvan, ist\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259 bitki – ya\u015famaq v\u0259 \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u0259rab\u0259r h\u00fcquqa malikdir. \u018fslind\u0259, Ness \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc d\u0259rk etm\u0259k o dem\u0259kdir ki, \u0259g\u0259r siz h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rinizin n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rinin dig\u0259r varl\u0131qlara nec\u0259 t\u0259sir ed\u0259c\u0259yini bilmirsinizs\u0259, o zaman bel\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t ed\u0259 bilm\u0259zsiniz [1, s.3]. Arne Ness h\u0259m d\u0259 f\u0259dakar ekoloq idi, o, bir \u00e7ox t\u0259bi\u0259ti m\u00fchafiz\u0259 aksiyalar\u0131nda i\u015ftirak etmi\u015fdir. Siyasi ekologiya da \u0259traf m\u00fchitin m\u00fchafiz\u0259sini v\u0259 davaml\u0131 inki\u015faf\u0131 h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259yir.<\/p>\n

Norve\u00e7, Danimarka v\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n xo\u015fb\u0259xt \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri s\u0131ras\u0131ndad\u0131rlar. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259bii g\u00f6z\u0259lliyin qorunmas\u0131na x\u00fcsusil\u0259 h\u0259ssasd\u0131rlar, buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, tullant\u0131lar\u0131n t\u0259krar emal\u0131 v\u0259 dig\u0259r ekoloji m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r tez-tez g\u00fcnd\u0259md\u0259dir. Bu xo\u015fb\u0259xtliyin \u0259sas\u0131nda duran m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n prinsipl\u0259r var. Skandinaviyan\u0131n t\u0259bi\u0259t\u0259 d\u0259rind\u0259n ba\u011flanma f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259si Friluftsliv – “a\u00e7\u0131q hava” adlan\u0131r. Bu ifad\u0259nin dig\u0259r dill\u0259rd\u0259 birba\u015fa t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259si, qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoxdur. Bu konsepsiyaya uy\u011fun \u0259sas t\u0259l\u0259bat mallar\u0131 istisna olmaqla, m\u00fcasir sivilizasiyan\u0131n t\u0259f\u0259rr\u00fcatlar\u0131ndan \u201cazad\u201d oluruq. Norve\u00e7d\u0259 qanunlar da \u201cfriluftsliv\u201d f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Statistikaya g\u00f6r\u0259, Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rini y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 \u0259halinin xo\u015fb\u0259xtliyi il\u0259 t\u0259min ed\u0259n m\u0259hz bu f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259 olub, onun h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si \u00e7ox sad\u0259dir. Laqoma – “orta”, “tarazl\u0131q”, “optimal” v\u0259 “uy\u011fun” kimi t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 olunur, “kafi”, m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259uy\u011funluq m\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131 da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. \u201cLaqoma\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u201cq\u0131z\u0131l orta” prinsipi uy\u011fun g\u0259lir. \u201cHyuqqe\u201d Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 yaranm\u0131\u015f bir anlay\u0131\u015fd\u0131r, rahatl\u0131q, ifah v\u0259 m\u0259mnunluq hissl\u0259ri il\u0259 rahat \u00fcnsiyy\u0259ti ifad\u0259 edir. Son ill\u0259rd\u0259 \u201cHyuqqe\u201d Danimarka m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nedici x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tin\u0259 \u00e7evrilib. Hyuqqe “g\u00fcnd\u0259lik birlik formas\u0131”, t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik, b\u0259rab\u0259rlik, \u015f\u0259xsi b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fck, kort\u0259bii sosial i\u015f v\u0259 t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259 ax\u0131n\u0131 dem\u0259kdir. \u00d6z\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc c\u0259miyy\u0259tin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 kimi hiss edin, pul v\u0259 xo\u015fb\u0259xtliyi tarazlay\u0131n, sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011fa fikir verin, se\u00e7im azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahib olun, daha \u00e7ox inam yarad\u0131n, xeyirxahl\u0131q g\u00f6st\u0259rin [2, s.106].<\/p>\n

Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 daha keyfiyy\u0259tli sosial xidm\u0259tl\u0259r, inki\u015fafa y\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fc t\u0259hsil siyas\u0259ti v\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259li d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259dqiqat proqramlar\u0131na sahibdir. Skandinav model s\u0259rb\u0259st bazar m\u0259ntiqi il\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r \u0259m\u0259k haqq\u0131 sistemini sintez etm\u0259yi bacar\u0131b. \u201cT\u0259sirli bir vergi siyas\u0259ti v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli, universal (b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u0259rab\u0259r) sosial sistem\u0259 sahib olmaq laz\u0131md\u0131r\u201d fikri bu regiona aiddir [5]. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 qanunun aliliyi, m\u00fclkiyy\u0259tin qorunmas\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131q iqtisadiyyat, s\u0259rb\u0259st ticar\u0259t, sosial harmoniya, homogen \u0259hali, \u015f\u0259ffafl\u0131q, liberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 v\u0259 f\u0259rdi \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259inam anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259li sosial qurulu\u015fun x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ridir. Bu yar\u0131madada sosial s\u00fclh\u0259 v\u0259 firavanl\u0131\u011fa s\u00f6yk\u0259n\u0259n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259m\u0259xsus siyasi, iqtisadi v\u0259 sosial \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259ri olan bir sistem haqq\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015fmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Skandinav birliyi qlobal anlamda probleml\u0259ri h\u0259ll etm\u0259k ist\u0259yir, skandinav idar\u0259etm\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259sinin burada effektiv olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u0130qtisadi s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259liliyi, ah\u0259ngdar v\u0259 balansla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131n\u0131, \u0259dal\u0259tli g\u0259lir b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc v\u0259 sosial birliyi bir araya g\u0259tir\u0259r\u0259k inki\u015faf ed\u0259n Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri sosial v\u0259 iqtisadi standartlar bax\u0131m\u0131ndan qlobal lider olmaq ist\u0259y\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn model hal\u0131na g\u0259lmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

B\u0259rab\u0259rlik, azadl\u0131q (iqtisadi m\u0259nada), t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik, sosial \u0259dal\u0259t v\u0259 h\u0259mr\u0259ylik prinsipl\u0259ri sosial demokratiyan\u0131n Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 m\u0259xsus Nordik adlanan modelin u\u011furunun \u0259sas g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259ridir. Bu modelin m\u0259rk\u0259zind\u0259 s\u0259hiyy\u0259, m\u0259\u015f\u011fulluq, t\u0259hsil, sosial inteqrasiya anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 dayan\u0131r. S\u00f6z\u00fcged\u0259n sistemin \u00fc\u00e7 \u0259sas aspekti var. Bunlardan birincisi, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn sosial h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 birdir, universald\u0131r. \u0130kincisi, t\u0259hsil, s\u0259hiyy\u0259, m\u0259nzil t\u0259minat\u0131 bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ox sayda sosial t\u0259klifl\u0259r s\u0259xav\u0259tl\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flara t\u0259klif olunur. N\u0259hay\u0259t, \u201cb\u0259rab\u0259rlik\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r ki, bu yolla sosial strukturda b\u0259rab\u0259rsizlik aradan qald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu bax\u0131mdan yoxsullu\u011fun minimuma endirilm\u0259si, sosial h\u0259yat s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin y\u00fcks\u0259ldilm\u0259si, sosial \u00f6hd\u0259likl\u0259rin \u00e7oxalmas\u0131 v\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259ldilm\u0259si, rifah s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bu modelin t\u0259m\u0259lidir. Dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n, Nordik model b\u00fcrokratik t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259 kimi m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n d\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 m\u0259ruz qal\u0131b. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 sosial t\u0259minat o s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7atm\u0131\u015fd\u0131 ki, \u0259halinin qay\u011f\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 \u201ci\u015f axtar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olmaq\u201d, \u201ci\u015fsizlik\u201d anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 yer alm\u0131rd\u0131. Nordik model sosialist elementl\u0259ri \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 ehtiva etdiyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259nqid d\u0259 olunurdu. Nordik modeld\u0259 sosializm v\u0259 kapitalizmin \u0259n u\u011furlu n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rini \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n hibrid sistem t\u0259tbiq edilir. Bu modeld\u0259 davaml\u0131 inki\u015faf strategiyas\u0131n\u0131n iqtisadi, sosial v\u0259 ekoloji kimi \u00fc\u00e7 \u0259sas \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc var. Rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin Nordik modelind\u0259 ekoloji t\u0259f\u0259kk\u00fcr b\u00f6y\u00fck rol oynay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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  1. Skandinavizm – Skandinaviya <\/strong>\u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259m\u0259xsus <\/strong>t\u0259f\u0259kk\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u0259zah\u00fcr\u00fc kimi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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    “Skandimiks” adlanan dil qrupu bir \u00e7ox ox\u015far dill\u0259ri birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n Skandinaviya dill\u0259rinin uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir versiyas\u0131d\u0131r. Skandinaviya co\u011frafiyas\u0131nda ortaq bir dil yaratmaq s\u0259yl\u0259ri ticar\u0259t m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131n etiketl\u0259rind\u0259 anla\u015f\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131n qorunmas\u0131 ist\u0259yi n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. [3, s.288]. Skandinaviya co\u011frafiyas\u0131nda ortaq bir dil qurma c\u0259hdl\u0259ri XIX \u0259srd\u0259 t\u0259sirini art\u0131ran Skandinaviya h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 il\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259t qazand\u0131. Skandinaviya co\u011frafiyas\u0131nda ortaq bir m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t yaratmaq s\u0259yl\u0259rin\u0259 t\u0259sir ed\u0259n x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 “pansermenizm” adlanan h\u0259r\u0259kat idi. \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259ki siyasi q\u0259rarverm\u0259 prosesi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli m\u00f6vzularda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu q\u0259d\u0259r konsensus t\u0259l\u0259b edir. G\u00fccl\u00fc siyasi m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259r yoxdur, ancaq siyasi debatlarda diqq\u0259t v\u0259 sa\u011flam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 \u00f6n plandad\u0131r. \u0130slahat proqramlar\u0131, kollektiv s\u00f6vd\u0259l\u0259\u015fm\u0259, ortaql\u0131q vacib x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rdir. Qurumlar\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259t i\u015fl\u0259rin\u0259 inteqrasiyas\u0131 t\u0259min edilir. \u0130sve\u00e7 modelin\u0259 h\u0259mr\u0259y \u0259m\u0259k haqq\u0131 siyas\u0259ti (g\u0259lirl\u0259rd\u0259 az f\u0259rql\u0259) v\u0259 aktiv \u0259m\u0259k siyas\u0259ti il\u0259 nail olmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn idi. Burada i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u0259rab\u0259r h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n verilm\u0259si t\u0259l\u0259bi \u0259sas m\u00fczakir\u0259 m\u00f6vzusu idi. \u0130qtisadiyyat\u0131n modernl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si v\u0259 effektivliyi t\u0259min olunduqdan sonra c\u0259miyy\u0259tin rifah s\u0259viyy\u0259si y\u00fcks\u0259ldi. Qad\u0131nlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6d\u0259ni\u015fli i\u015f h\u00fcququ \u0130sve\u00e7 modelini m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259ll\u0259\u015fdirdi. C\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 qad\u0131nlar\u0131n sosial m\u00f6vqeyi, ail\u0259 v\u0259 pe\u015f\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 statuslar\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n

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    1. \u015e\u0259xsiyy\u0259t b\u00f6hran\u0131 sosial\u00a0 <\/strong>d\u00f6vl\u0259t modelinin \u0259n ciddi <\/strong>probleml\u0259rind\u0259n biri kimi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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      \u00dcmumrifah d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u201c\u0259minlik v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik\u201d kimi \u00f6n\u0259mli x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259ti vard\u0131r. XX \u2013 XXI \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 h\u0259min d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin \u0259sas probleml\u0259ri iki hiss\u0259y\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr:<\/p>\n

      1) f\u0259rdin d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259 yeri;<\/p>\n

      2) sosial-siyasi probleml\u0259r.<\/p>\n

      \u018fm\u0259k prosesind\u0259 ruh y\u00fcks\u0259kliyi azal\u0131b, \u015f\u0259xsi m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259, nikaha liberal m\u00fcnasib\u0259t art\u0131b. Homoseksualizm, evtanaziyaya m\u00fcnasib\u0259t neytrald\u0131r, bunlar insanlar\u0131n \u015f\u0259xsi i\u015fi hesab olunur, amma vergid\u0259n yay\u0131nma, r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259t kimi hallar ictimai z\u0259r\u0259rli oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn k\u0259skin t\u0259nqid edilir. Ail\u0259 qurulmas\u0131na maraq azd\u0131r, sosial m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r h\u0259zz prinsipi \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qurulur. M\u0259d\u0259ni azadl\u0131q, artan f\u0259rdil\u0259\u015fm\u0259 tendensiyas\u0131 il\u0259 \u201c\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yarat\u201d ifad\u0259si aktualla\u015f\u0131r. \u201cT\u0259rbiy\u0259\u201d art\u0131q \u00f6z ideyalar\u0131n\u0131n u\u015faqlara zorla t\u0259lqin edilm\u0259si say\u0131l\u0131r. Art\u0131q ictimai m\u0259nf\u0259\u0259\u0259t namin\u0259 add\u0131mlar at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131r, latent eqoizm y\u00fcks\u0259k h\u0259dd\u0259dir. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259haliy\u0259 t\u0259klif olunan sosial \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r t\u0259bii resurslara olan ehtiyacla ziddiyy\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkil edir. X\u00fcsus\u0259n g\u0259ncl\u0259r ictimai nem\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n t\u0259k istifad\u0259 edir, onlar\u0131 qorumur, yaratm\u0131r. G\u0259nclik d\u0259rin depressiya ya\u015fay\u0131r. M\u00fcasir Skandinaviya c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 dissiplin v\u0259 \u00f6hd\u0259likl\u0259r\u0259 \u0259saslanan \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi protestant \u0259xlaq\u0131ndan uzaqla\u015fma ba\u015f verir. Daha \u00e7ox ekspressivlik v\u0259 gedonizm, devitant davran\u0131\u015f m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilir, u\u015faq v\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin uzla\u015fmas\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilir. Norve\u00e7 g\u0259ncliyi \u201c\u00fcmumi q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f \u0259xlaq normalar\u0131nda k\u0259nara \u00e7\u0131xma\u011f\u0131\u201d, \u0259m\u0259yin m\u00fcqabilind\u0259 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u00f6d\u0259nilm\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq z\u00f6vq ver\u0259n sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn tutur. H\u00f6kum\u0259t rifah\u0131n davaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u00f6z verm\u0259kl\u0259, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131 faktiki olaraq sosial institutlara olan ehtiyaclar\u0131ndan azad edib. Bu yolla h\u00fcquqi normalar sosial davran\u0131\u015f normalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fdirir v\u0259 son ill\u0259rin statistikas\u0131nda \u0259ksini tapm\u0131\u015f Skandinaviya c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin m\u0259d\u0259ni dissonans\u0131na g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 f\u0259rdl\u0259rin ist\u0259kl\u0259rinin ictimai m\u0259nf\u0259\u0259td\u0259n \u00fcst\u00fcn tutulmas\u0131 siyasi apatiyaya s\u0259b\u0259b olur. V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar d\u00f6vl\u0259t v\u0259 milli ideologiyan\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131n onlar\u0131 narahat etm\u0259dikl\u0259rini bildiribl\u0259r. Apar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir r\u0259y sor\u011fusunda respondentl\u0259rin 30%-i \u00f6zl\u0259rini \u00fcmumavropa siyasi v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni sferas\u0131na aid hesab edibl\u0259r v\u0259 \u201cv\u0259t\u0259np\u0259rv\u0259rlik\u201d ideyas\u0131n\u0131n mahiyy\u0259tini anlamad\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 bildiribl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

      \u0130sve\u00e7 v\u0259 Norve\u00e7in d\u00fcnyada h\u0259yat s\u0259viyy\u0259si bax\u0131m\u0131ndan y\u00fcks\u0259k yerl\u0259ri tutmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, g\u0259ncl\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259t siyas\u0259tini onlara m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 liberal hesab etmirl\u0259r v\u0259 h\u0259tta ba\u015fqa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 emiqrasiya etm\u0259yi planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131rlar. Ail\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rinin XX \u0259srin sonunda yaranm\u0131\u015f yeni formalar\u0131 Skandinaviya insan\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259yat t\u0259rzini, ail\u0259 d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rini, anal\u0131q v\u0259 u\u015faql\u0131q anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fmi\u015fdir. T\u0259kcinsli nikahlara tolerant m\u00fcnasib\u0259t ona g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131b ki, Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 u\u015faqlar homoseksual valideynl\u0259r\u0259 sahibdir. Bu, ona g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r ki, bel\u0259 ail\u0259l\u0259r u\u015faqlar\u0131n erk\u0259n ya\u015flardan azad cinsi t\u0259rbiy\u0259 almas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Bel\u0259 ail\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 u\u015faqlar\u0131n \u201ccinsi d\u00fcnyag\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn\u201d art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 yeni ail\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti il\u0259 tan\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na xidm\u0259t ed\u0259n u\u015faqlar\u0131n i\u015ftirak\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif inc\u0259s\u0259n\u0259t n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilir. Avropa psixoloqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, bu hal u\u015faq psixikas\u0131n\u0131n formala\u015fmas\u0131na da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir, h\u0259m\u00e7inin m\u00fcvafiq davran\u0131\u015f modelini c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 \u201cyeridir\u201d.<\/p>\n

      \u0130ndividualla\u015fma \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r h\u00fcquq v\u0259 azadl\u0131qlar\u0131 t\u0259min ed\u0259n sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u201c\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcaxtar\u0131\u015f\u201d v\u0259 \u201c\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrealla\u015fd\u0131rma\u201dn\u0131n m\u00fcvafiq formalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259yir. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, bel\u0259 u\u015faqlar\u0131n t\u0259rbiy\u0259si t\u0259nziml\u0259nmir. H\u0259r iki valideyn il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 \u201csa\u011flam ail\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259\u201d b\u00f6y\u00fcy\u0259n u\u015faqlar natamam, qeyri-\u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi ail\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fcy\u0259n u\u015faqlardan f\u0259rql\u0259nir. Bel\u0259 u\u015faqlarda tez-tez psixoloji pozuntulara rast g\u0259linir v\u0259 davran\u0131\u015f probleml\u0259ri yaran\u0131r. Skandinaviya c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 nikah-ail\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rini ara\u015fd\u0131rark\u0259n \u201cfeminist h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131\u201dna toxunmaq laz\u0131md\u0131r. Feminizmin s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan t\u0259sirl\u0259rind\u0259n biri ail\u0259d\u0259 qad\u0131n\u0131n rolunun q\u00fcvv\u0259d\u0259n d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259sidir. U\u011furlu i\u015f h\u0259yat\u0131 qad\u0131n\u0131n siyasi aktivliyinin ail\u0259d\u0259 qad\u0131n kimi f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin\u0259 \u0259ks m\u00fct\u0259nasibdir. Qad\u0131n\u0131n valideyn v\u0259 h\u0259yat yolda\u015f\u0131 kimi q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si meyli azal\u0131r, bel\u0259likl\u0259, onun \u201cmaskulinniyi\u201d \u201canal\u0131q\u201d instinktinin itm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur, bu da ail\u0259d\u0259 onun rolunun s\u0259thil\u0259\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r, u\u015faqlarda ana \u201cavtoritetinin\u201d inkar\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilir. Bu q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259k olar ki, ail\u0259 v\u0259 nikah sferas\u0131nda Skandinaviyan\u0131n sosial siyas\u0259ti \u0259halinin marginalla\u015fmas\u0131na t\u0259hrik edir. \u018fhalinin rifah v\u0259ziyy\u0259tinin v\u0259 sosial t\u0259minat s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin y\u00fcks\u0259lm\u0259sin\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015f ail\u0259 siyas\u0259ti c\u0259miyy\u0259tin individual v\u0259 material iddialar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirmi\u015f v\u0259 ail\u0259 d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rinin z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin <\/strong>miqrasiya siyas\u0259ti v\u0259 miqrasiyan\u0131n <\/strong>h\u00fcquqi t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259 <\/strong>yaranan \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259r<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Sosial-demokratik hakimiyy\u0259t Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 aktiv \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 miqrantlar\u0131n c\u0259lb olunmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir. \u201cA\u00e7\u0131q s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259r siyas\u0259ti\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f miqrasiya strategiyas\u0131 \u0259sas\u0259n iki m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni h\u0259ll etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r: 1) s\u0259nayenin inki\u015faf\u0131 \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 ixtisasla\u015fm\u0131\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i q\u00fcvv\u0259sinin azl\u0131\u011f\u0131; 2) \u201cmill\u0259tin sa\u011flamla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d \u2013 skandinaviya etnosunun uzun \u0259srl\u0259r boyu izolyasiyas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar varislik yolu il\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259rin genetik assimilyasiya yolu il\u0259 h\u0259lli.<\/p>\n

        \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 miqrasiya m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fczr\u0259 idar\u0259 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fm\u0259kqabiliyy\u0259tli miqrantlar d\u00f6vl\u0259t imtiyazlar\u0131 \u0259ld\u0259 edir, ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yeri il\u0259 t\u0259min olunur, d\u00f6rd il \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259razisind\u0259 ya\u015fad\u0131qdan sonra i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259r, qa\u00e7q\u0131nlar v\u0259 onlar\u0131n ail\u0259l\u0259ri ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f v\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fl\u0131q h\u00fcququ al\u0131rlar. 2013-2014-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n miqrantlar\u0131n say\u0131 be\u015f d\u0259f\u0259d\u0259n \u00e7ox artm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \u201cSkandinaviya rifah modeli\u201d tez-tez Danimarka, \u0130sve\u00e7 v\u0259 Norve\u00e7in sosial d\u0259st\u0259k sisteml\u0259rini, s\u0259hiyy\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259hsil proqramlar\u0131n\u0131 nec\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkil etdiyini v\u0259 maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirdiyini t\u0259svir etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00fcmumi termin kimi istifad\u0259 olunur. Rifah modelinin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n prinsip ondan ibar\u0259tdir ki, yard\u0131m sosial v\u0259 ya ail\u0259 v\u0259ziyy\u0259tind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq t\u0259sir\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalan b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flara g\u00f6st\u0259rilm\u0259lidir. Bu sistem universald\u0131r v\u0259 yard\u0131m f\u0259rd\u0259 verilir, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, evli qad\u0131n \u0259rind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq bir \u00e7ox h\u00fcquqlara malikdir. S\u0259hiyy\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011fulluq sah\u0259sind\u0259 is\u0259 m\u00fcavin\u0259t almaq h\u00fcququ \u0259vv\u0259lki i\u015fd\u0259n, b\u0259z\u0259n is\u0259 h\u0259mkarlar ittifaq\u0131 \u00fczvl\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla bel\u0259, maliyy\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259tinin \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck pay\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tin \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr v\u0259 x\u00fcsusi subsidiyalar vasit\u0259sil\u0259 deyil, geni\u015f \u0259hat\u0259 dair\u0259si v\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 xarakteriz\u0259 olunan vergi sistemi vasit\u0259sil\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n

        Siyasi sisteml\u0259 i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259ri v\u0259 i\u015f\u0259g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259nl\u0259ri t\u0259msil ed\u0259n t\u0259\u015fkilatlar aras\u0131nda s\u0131x \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q m\u00f6vcuddur. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, \u0259halinin m\u0259rk\u0259zi h\u00f6kum\u0259t\u0259 v\u0259 dig\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131na s\u0259daq\u0259ti \u00f6lk\u0259nin siyasi strukturunun fundamental xarakteristikas\u0131d\u0131r v\u0259 \u201cSkandinaviya rifah modeli\u201dnd\u0259 m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Danimarkan\u0131n ictimai s\u0259hiyy\u0259 sistemi b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn pulsuz v\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f prinsipin\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131r. \u00dcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, s\u0259hiyy\u0259 v\u0259 sosial xidm\u0259tl\u0259r vergil\u0259r, m\u0259rk\u0259zi h\u00f6kum\u0259tin \u00fcnvanl\u0131 qrantlar\u0131, x\u0259rcl\u0259rin \u00f6d\u0259nilm\u0259si v\u0259 kompensasiya planlar\u0131 hesab\u0131na maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirilir. Uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli planla\u015fd\u0131rmaya \u0259saslanan Danimarka iqtisadi siyas\u0259ti \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi olaraq sabitliyin t\u0259min edilm\u0259sin\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259lmi\u015fdir. \u018fm\u0259k m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rinin Danimarka modeli sosial t\u0259r\u0259fda\u015flar – h\u0259mkarlar ittifaqlar\u0131 v\u0259 s\u0259naye t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7ox\u0259srlik sosial dialoq v\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar \u0259n\u0259n\u0259sin\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131r. \u018fm\u0259k bazar\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131 \u0259sas\u0259n d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n s\u0259naye v\u0259 bazar \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259rin m\u00f6hk\u0259m m\u00fcdafi\u0259sini t\u0259min ed\u0259n Danimarka kollektiv s\u00f6vd\u0259l\u0259\u015fm\u0259 modeli say\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015fdur. Bel\u0259 ki, bazar m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rinin i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 kollektiv \u0259m\u0259k m\u00fcqavil\u0259l\u0259ri ba\u011flamaq yolu il\u0259 \u0259m\u0259k \u015f\u0259raiti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri h\u0259ll edirl\u0259r [5].<\/p>\n

        Miqrantlar Skandinaviyaya ilk d\u0259f\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259nd\u0259 sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259t modeli inki\u015faf edirdi. Bir \u00e7ox c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n bu, \u0259m\u0259k miqrantlar\u0131n\u0131n iqtisadiyyata t\u00f6hf\u0259si say\u0259sind\u0259 reall\u0131\u011fa \u00e7evrilib. Miqrantlar h\u0259tta turist kimi g\u0259lib daha sonra i\u015f icaz\u0259si ala bilirdil\u0259r. Siyasi n\u00f6qteyi-n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n miqrasiya problemi sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259tin inki\u015faf\u0131 v\u0259 rifah\u0131 namin\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131n \u0259m\u0259y\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131na cavab olaraq meydana \u00e7\u0131x\u0131b. O vaxt h\u00f6kum\u0259tin h\u0259tta h\u0259mkarlar ittifaqlar\u0131 v\u0259 yerli i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259rin etirazlar\u0131n\u0131 bel\u0259 aradan qald\u0131ra bildiyi zaman bu, \u00e7ox m\u00fch\u00fcm add\u0131m idi. Amma \u0259slind\u0259 \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 Avropada oldu\u011fu kimi, miqrantlar\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u0259c\u0259yi g\u00f6zl\u0259nilirdi. Buna baxmayaraq, Avropan\u0131n he\u00e7 bir yerind\u0259 \u015fimali rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259ki kimi immiqrasiya, ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f v\u0259 seqreqasiya yox idi. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 inteqrasiya siyas\u0259ti yox h\u0259ddind\u0259 idi, lakin miqrantlar rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin sosial institutlar\u0131 v\u0259 yerli \u0259hali il\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r \u0259sasda ehtiyac duyduqlar\u0131 h\u0259r \u015feyl\u0259 t\u0259min edilirdil\u0259r. Bu, \u0259n az\u0131 ilkin m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 he\u00e7 bir etiraz yaratmad\u0131. \u0130lk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259, yoxsul \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n t\u0259hsilsiz i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259rin immiqrasiyas\u0131na son qoyuldu. Bununla bel\u0259, ail\u0259nin birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si v\u0259 qa\u00e7q\u0131nlar\u0131n q\u0259bulu davam edirdi ki, bu da qa\u00e7q\u0131nlar\u0131n v\u0259 ail\u0259 m\u00fchacirl\u0259rinin daha \u00e7ox \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259n olduqlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn f\u0259rqli m\u0259d\u0259ni kimliy\u0259 malik yeni miqrantlar\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tini t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. Miqrantlar\u0131n z\u0259if m\u0259nzil v\u0259 pis i\u015f \u015f\u0259raiti t\u0259dric\u0259n sosioloqlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u201csosial alt\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131lan t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259nin artmas\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259cn\u0259bil\u0259rin kriminalla\u015fmas\u0131 dem\u0259k idi. U\u011furlu sosial-demokratik c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 immiqrasiya sosial institutlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0259yl\u0259rin\u0259 baxmayaraq, m\u0259hz miqrantlar\u0131n h\u0259ddind\u0259n art\u0131q yoxsullu\u011funa g\u00f6r\u0259 bu c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rin \u0259saslar\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259m\u0259ll\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 yarad\u0131rd\u0131. H\u0259min ill\u0259rd\u0259 Norve\u00e7 parlamentind\u0259ki m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biri bu v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti daha dol\u011fun \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rir: \u201cNorve\u00e7lil\u0259rin n\u0259sill\u0259ri yoxsulluqdan v\u0259 insanlar\u0131n b\u0259rab\u0259rsizliyind\u0259n qurtulma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131blar. Biz \u0259dal\u0259t v\u0259 sosial b\u0259rab\u0259rliy\u0259 \u0259saslanan c\u0259miyy\u0259t qurmaq m\u0259qs\u0259di g\u00fcd\u00fcrd\u00fck. Bu bax\u0131mdan biz \u00e7ox \u015fey \u0259ld\u0259 etmi\u015fik. Ancaq c\u0259miyy\u0259timizi yeni bir x\u0259st\u0259liy\u0259, bir n\u00f6v b\u0259dxass\u0259li \u015fi\u015f\u0259, toxunulmazlar kastas\u0131na malik gec\u0259qondulara yoluxdurmaq ist\u0259miriks\u0259, o zaman miqrasiya v\u0259 miqrant probleminin \u00f6z axar\u0131 il\u0259 getm\u0259sin\u0259 imkan ver\u0259 bilm\u0259rik. Qonaqlar\u0131m\u0131z \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn daha humanist \u015f\u0259raitin t\u0259minatlar\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irm\u0259k v\u0259 haz\u0131rlamaq bir q\u0259d\u0259r vaxt apar\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u0259g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259nl\u0259rin ist\u0259kl\u0259ri bu t\u0259minatlar\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131 deyil, bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n biz qonaqlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 layiqli v\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r \u015f\u0259raitl\u0259 t\u0259min etm\u0259liyik\u201d [5]. Bundan sonra siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r ikili q\u0259rara g\u0259ldil\u0259r: bir t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n immiqrasiyan\u0131n m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n is\u0259 art\u0131q \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 olan miqrantlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn layiqli h\u0259yat s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 z\u0259man\u0259t ver\u0259n sosial siyas\u0259t.<\/p>\n

        B\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 d\u0259 olsa, \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin problemi eyni \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 h\u0259ll etm\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq, miqrasiya siyas\u0259tinin strategiyas\u0131nda v\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131nda bir s\u0131ra uy\u011funsuzluqlar\u0131 qeyd etm\u0259k olar. Birincisi, bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r inteqrasiya siyas\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif institusional q\u0259rarlar q\u0259bul edibl\u0259r. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259sas prinsip miqrantlar\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131 il\u0259 eyni sosial h\u00fcquqlara malik olmas\u0131 idi. Yuxar\u0131da qeyd etdiyimiz kimi, bu y\u00fck sosial institutlar\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259t miqrantlar\u0131n ehtiyaclar\u0131n\u0131, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n \u00f6z m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259rini v\u0259 dinl\u0259rini inki\u015faf etdirm\u0259k h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259yi \u00f6hd\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u018fslind\u0259, miqrantlara se\u00e7im azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verildi – c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 inteqrasiya v\u0259 ya \u00f6z m\u0259d\u0259ni paradiqmas\u0131 \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olmaq.<\/p>\n

        \u0130sve\u00e7lil\u0259rd\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq miqrantlar\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259ni h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 institutla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Miqrantlar\u0131n probleml\u0259ri dem\u0259k olar ki, tam \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n iqtisadi c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n t\u0259min edil\u0259n sosial institutlar\u0131n, b\u0259l\u0259diyy\u0259l\u0259rin v\u0259 qeyri-h\u00f6kum\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131n ixtiyar\u0131na burax\u0131ld\u0131. M\u0259hz bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259 ox\u015far siyas\u0259t indiy\u0259d\u0259k qar\u0131\u015f\u0131q n\u0259tic\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131. Danimarka \u00f6z yolu il\u0259 getdi, inteqrasiya siyas\u0259tini inki\u015faf etdirdi. Siyasi n\u00f6qteyi-n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n Danimarka miqrasiyaya dem\u0259k olar ki, d\u0259rhal m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259 il\u0259 reaksiya verdi, \u00e7\u00fcnki o vaxtdan hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 miqrantlardan inteqrasiya v\u0259 \u0259slind\u0259 assimilyasiya t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259n sa\u011f\u00e7\u0131 T\u0259r\u0259qqi Partiyas\u0131 var idi. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin parlamentl\u0259rind\u0259 inteqrasiyan\u0131n \u0259sas prinsipl\u0259rinin v\u0259 \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, miqrasiya probleminin m\u00fczakir\u0259 edildiyi siyasi debatlar\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti \u0259m\u0259k miqrantlar\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 idi. O d\u00f6vr\u00fcn s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r hesab edirdil\u0259r ki, miqrasiya prosesi \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259ziyy\u0259tind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq asanl\u0131qla t\u0259nziml\u0259n\u0259 bil\u0259r v\u0259 sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin sosial institutlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n problemsiz d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nir. Lakin zaman ke\u00e7dikc\u0259 bu fikirl\u0259rin yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. \u00d6lk\u0259l\u0259rin c\u0259nubdan g\u0259l\u0259n \u0259m\u0259k miqrantlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn tamamil\u0259 qapal\u0131 olmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, \u0259m\u0259k miqrasiyas\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 ail\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si yolu il\u0259 daxil olan qa\u00e7q\u0131n v\u0259 miqrantlarla \u0259v\u0259z olundu. \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq Norve\u00e7 v\u0259 Danimarka miqrantlar\u0131n sosial adaptasiyas\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259ti d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015fdiril\u0259n qeyri-h\u00f6kum\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131na h\u0259val\u0259 etdi.<\/p>\n

        Bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 bu inteqrasiya siyas\u0259ti b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li oldu. Yerli hakimiyy\u0259t orqanlar\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 ilk iki ild\u0259 miqrantlara h\u0259r c\u00fcr k\u00f6m\u0259klik g\u00f6st\u0259rdil\u0259r. Onlar\u0131 m\u0259nzil v\u0259 dil kurslar\u0131 il\u0259 t\u0259min etdil\u0259r, m\u0259\u015f\u011fulluq v\u0259 sosial adaptasiya il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259r verdil\u0259r. Amma b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar pul t\u0259l\u0259b edirdi. Norve\u00e7d\u0259 s\u0131\u011f\u0131nacaq axtaranlar\u0131n say\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 immiqrasiya \u0259leyhin\u0259 h\u0259m d\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin \u0259saslar\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t iqtisadiyyat\u0131n\u0131n sabitliyini potensial t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 alt\u0131na alan miqrantlara \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verilm\u0259sin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 kampaniya apar\u0131lmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu.<\/p>\n

        Miqrant ax\u0131n\u0131 Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259rini bir s\u0131ra s\u0131rf praktiki probleml\u0259rl\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015fm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur etdi. \u00c7ox sayda insan\u0131n m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti m\u0259nzil\u0259, dil kurslar\u0131na, i\u015f\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131 var idi. \u018fvv\u0259lc\u0259 b\u0259l\u0259diyy\u0259l\u0259r\u0259, \u0259sas\u0259n d\u0259 i\u015f\u00e7i q\u00fcvv\u0259sin\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131 olan b\u0259l\u0259diyy\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 ax\u0131n etdil\u0259r. Getdikc\u0259 m\u0259lum oldu ki, bu problemi hans\u0131sa yolla h\u0259ll etm\u0259yin yegan\u0259 yolu b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6lk\u0259ni bu i\u015f\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259k, miqrantlar\u0131 s\u0259rf\u0259li m\u0259nzil olan yerl\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259kdir. \u201cM\u0259n\u0259 i\u015f ver\u201d \u2013 bu ba\u015fl\u0131q bel\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131n \u0259n bariz n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biridir. Apar\u0131lan bir sor\u011fu i\u015f azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Norve\u00e7d\u0259ki immiqrantlar\u0131 sosial yard\u0131mdan as\u0131l\u0131 v\u0259ziyy\u0259t\u0259 sald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etdi. T\u0259dric\u0259n onlar \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini dayand\u0131r\u0131r v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 inteqrasiya edirl\u0259r. \u018fks\u0259r hallarda \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6lk\u0259nin h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u00fczl\u0259\u015fdiyi probleml\u0259r eyni idi: humanitar miqrasiyan\u0131n idar\u0259 edilm\u0259sind\u0259 \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259r, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 m\u0259\u015f\u011fulluq d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 miqrantlarla yerli \u0259hali aras\u0131nda h\u0259yat standartlar\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck f\u0259rq. Bununla bel\u0259, h\u0259r yerd\u0259 k\u00f6hn\u0259 prinsip var idi: miqrantlar dig\u0259r v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar kimi d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259n yard\u0131m almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn eyni formal h\u00fcquqlara malikdirl\u0259r [5].<\/p>\n

        \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 miqrasiya sah\u0259sind\u0259 h\u00fcquqi t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259nin \u0259sas m\u0259qs\u0259di miqrantlar\u0131n b\u0259rab\u0259r \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rl\u0259 inteqrasiyas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130sve\u00e7 d\u00f6vl\u0259tind\u0259 milliyy\u0259tind\u0259n, siyasi v\u0259 dini m\u00f6vqeyind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olmadan, siyasi s\u0131\u011f\u0131nacaq h\u00fcququ \u0259sas insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131ndan say\u0131l\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 indi qa\u00e7q\u0131nlar bu \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 miqrant kateqoriyalar\u0131ndan biridir. K\u00fctl\u0259vi miqrasiya \u0130sve\u00e7in simas\u0131n\u0131 xeyli d\u0259yi\u015fdi v\u0259 bir \u00e7ox sosial probleml\u0259rin yaranmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. \u0130ri s\u0259naye \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 veril\u0259n h\u00fcquq v\u0259 azadl\u0131qlara baxmayaraq, \u0259halinin t\u0259crid olunmas\u0131 prosesi getdikc\u0259 geni\u015f v\u00fcs\u0259t ald\u0131. B\u00f6y\u00fck \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 miqrant gettolar\u0131 peyda oldu. Yerli isve\u00e7lil\u0259r aras\u0131nda miqrantlarla ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif etnosiyasi mifl\u0259r v\u0259 stereotipl\u0259r yay\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bir yer\u0259 toplanan immiqrantlar \u00f6zl\u0259rini yerli \u0259halid\u0259n t\u0259crid olunmu\u015f v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259 tap\u0131rd\u0131lar. M\u00fcvafiq sosial bacar\u0131qlara malik olmayan v\u0259 dil bilm\u0259y\u0259n m\u00fchacirl\u0259r qanunvericiliyin qorunmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, tez bir zamanda i\u015fl\u0259rini itirirdil\u0259r, sahibkarlar is\u0259 se\u00e7im olarsa, isve\u00e7lil\u0259ri i\u015f\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259y\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verirdil\u0259r. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, \u0259m\u0259khaqq\u0131 v\u0259 dig\u0259r sosial m\u00fcavin\u0259tl\u0259rin al\u0131nmas\u0131nda, s\u00f6zs\u00fcz, ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilirdi. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 bir \u00e7ox miqrant \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131nda ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilikl\u0259 rastla\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun s\u0259b\u0259bi is\u0259 miqrantlar\u0131n c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n yum\u015faq siyas\u0259tin m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funda idi. Haz\u0131rda yeni miqrantlar\u0131n q\u0259bulunu t\u0259hlil ed\u0259n \u0130sve\u00e7 hakimiyy\u0259t orqanlar\u0131 art\u0131q d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u0259razisind\u0259 ya\u015fayan miqrantlar\u0131n inteqrasiyas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ayd\u0131n v\u0259 m\u0259qs\u0259dy\u00f6nl\u00fc t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u0259sin\u0259 ehtiyac oldu\u011funu bildirirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

        Son vaxtlar \u0130sve\u00e7 h\u00f6kum\u0259ti miqrantlar\u0131n, x\u00fcsus\u0259n d\u0259 g\u0259ncl\u0259rin radikalla\u015fmas\u0131 problemind\u0259n ciddi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 narahatd\u0131r. X\u00fcsusil\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li olan 2-ci v\u0259 3-c\u00fc n\u0259sil g\u0259ncl\u0259rdir ki, \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t bacar\u0131qlar\u0131 v\u0259 dil bilgil\u0259rinin olmamas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n praktiki olaraq onlar\u0131n he\u00e7 bir perspektivi yoxdur. \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 zorlamalar\u0131n 77%-i islam \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n insanlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u00f6r\u0259dilib. Xarici v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n \u0130sve\u00e7\u0259 giri\u015fi, \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259n getm\u0259si v\u0259 onun \u0259razisind\u0259 ya\u015famas\u0131 \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rini v\u0259 prosedurlar\u0131n\u0131, habel\u0259 \u0259cn\u0259bil\u0259rin i\u015f\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rini v\u0259 s\u0131\u011f\u0131nacaq almaq h\u00fcququnu m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n ed\u0259n qanunda \u0259cn\u0259bi v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fa s\u0131\u011f\u0131nacaq h\u00fcququnun verilm\u0259sind\u0259n imtina v\u0259 deportasiya \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 da m\u00fcdd\u0259alar var. Universitetl\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r r\u0259ftar akt\u0131, u\u015faqlara v\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyi v\u0259 dig\u0259r l\u0259yaq\u0259ti al\u00e7aldan r\u0259ftar\u0131 qada\u011fan ed\u0259n x\u00fcsusi akt v\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7in v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fl\u0131q qanunu diqq\u0259t\u0259layiqdir.<\/p>\n

        \u0130sve\u00e7in tolerant siyas\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 miqrantlar\u0131n say\u0131 h\u0259r il art\u0131r. H\u00f6kum\u0259t Ya\u015f\u0131llar Partiyas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259st\u0259yi il\u0259 i\u015f\u00e7i q\u00fcvv\u0259sinin azad miqrasiyas\u0131na q\u0259rar verib. Bu, m\u0259lum sah\u0259d\u0259 \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck islahatd\u0131r, \u0259cn\u0259bil\u0259rin \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 i\u015f tapmas\u0131 asanla\u015f\u0131b, eyni zamanda gettolar\u0131n say\u0131 art\u0131b. Stokholm m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rind\u0259 \u015fagirdl\u0259rin 70%-i immiqrantd\u0131r. \u0130sve\u00e7in sosial v\u0259 h\u00fcquqi siyas\u0259ti immiqrantlar v\u0259 yerli \u0259hali \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u0259rab\u0259r sosial t\u0259minatlar\u0131n t\u0259min edilm\u0259sind\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir. \u00c7ox vaxt miqrant \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn i\u015fsizlik m\u00fcavin\u0259tini almaq v\u0259 ya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ixtisasl\u0131 i\u015f yerind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259k \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t k\u0259sb etmir.<\/p>\n

        Haz\u0131rda \u0130sve\u00e7in miqrantlarla ba\u011fl\u0131 siyas\u0259ti a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 prinsipl\u0259r\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131r: 1) \u0130mmiqrantlar v\u0259 yerli \u0259hali aras\u0131nda h\u00fcquq v\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259rlik; 2) M\u0259d\u0259ni se\u00e7im azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (y\u0259ni immiqrant \u201cisve\u00e7li olma\u011fa\u201d v\u0259 ya \u00f6z milli ad\u0259t-\u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rini qoruyub saxlama\u011fa \u00f6z\u00fc q\u0259rar verir); 3) \u0130sve\u00e7lil\u0259r v\u0259 immiqrantlar aras\u0131nda \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q, qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 tolerantl\u0131q v\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259t. \u00d6lk\u0259y\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7d\u00fckd\u0259n sonra immiqrant \u0130sve\u00e7 dili kurslar\u0131 ke\u00e7m\u0259li, ixtisas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcbut etm\u0259li v\u0259 ya yeni bir pe\u015f\u0259 \u00f6yr\u0259nm\u0259lidir. V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f statusunu \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259rk\u0259n dil biliyi imtahan\u0131ndan ke\u00e7m\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r. Dig\u0259r Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7 miqrantlar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 indeksin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 \u0259n liberal qanunvericiliy\u0259 malikdir.<\/p>\n

        Bir \u00e7ox dig\u0259r Q\u0259rb \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri kimi Danimarka da kadr \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015fir. \u00d6lk\u0259ni g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 r\u0259qab\u0259t\u0259davaml\u0131 saxlamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f yolu \u0259vv\u0259lki ill\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq ixtisas v\u0259 t\u0259hsil\u0259 malik olan immiqrantlara qar\u015f\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259ri yum\u015faltmaqd\u0131r. Daha yum\u015faq inteqrasiya siyas\u0259tin\u0259 v\u0259 qanunvericiliy\u0259 ke\u00e7id \u00f6lk\u0259nin miqrantlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn daha \u0259lveri\u015fli olmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olub. G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u0259n t\u0259dbirl\u0259r danimarkal\u0131lar\u0131n \u0259cn\u0259bil\u0259rl\u0259 nikahlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131n\u0131 k\u0259skin \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 azald\u0131b.<\/p>\n

        \u0130nteqrasiya Akt\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259ri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131lard\u0131r: 1. Yeni g\u0259l\u0259n immiqrantlar\u0131n Danimarka v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131 il\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r h\u00fcquqlara malik olmas\u0131 v\u0259 ictimai al\u0259min siyasi, iqtisadi, sosial, dini v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni h\u0259yat\u0131nda b\u0259rab\u0259r i\u015ftirak\u0131, habel\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r h\u00fcquqlar v\u0259 bazarda \u0259m\u0259k imkanlar\u0131; 2. Yeni g\u0259l\u0259n m\u00fchacirl\u0259rin tez bir zamanda maliyy\u0259 v\u0259 iqtisadi m\u00fcst\u0259qillik \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259sin\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259klik; 3. Xarici v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n Danimarka c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131n \u0259sas prinsipl\u0259ri v\u0259 normalar\u0131 haqq\u0131nda bilik v\u0259 ideyalar\u0131n m\u0259nims\u0259nilm\u0259si. Qanuna \u0259sas\u0259n, \u0259sas inteqrasiya t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri qa\u00e7q\u0131nlar\u0131n m\u0259nzill\u0259 t\u0259min edilm\u0259si, oriyentasiya proqramlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si v\u0259 yeni g\u0259l\u0259n immiqrantlar\u0131n Danimarka c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin h\u0259yat\u0131na erk\u0259n inteqrasiyas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 dig\u0259r f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir.<\/p>\n

        Ox\u015far siyas\u0259t v\u0259 idar\u0259etm\u0259 sistemin\u0259, m\u0259d\u0259ni d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 normalara malik olan bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r eyni zamanda miqrantlar\u0131n inteqrasiyas\u0131 v\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn tamamil\u0259 f\u0259rqli yana\u015fmalardan istifad\u0259 edirl\u0259r. \u0130sve\u00e7 miqrantlar\u0131n inteqrasiyas\u0131na multikultural v\u0259 liberal yana\u015fmas\u0131 il\u0259 tan\u0131n\u0131r. Lakin liberal yana\u015fma h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 miqrasiya problemini h\u0259ll etm\u0259k g\u00fcc\u00fcnd\u0259 deyil. \u00dcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, \u0130sve\u00e7in miqrantlarla ba\u011fl\u0131 probleml\u0259ri he\u00e7 bir dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n az deyil. M\u0259hz bu probleml\u0259r inteqrasiyan\u0131n f\u0259rqli siyasi modelin\u0259 t\u0259dric\u0259n ke\u00e7id\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olub. Danimarka miqrant inteqrasiyas\u0131 v\u0259 miqrasiya siyas\u0259tinin s\u0259rt versiyas\u0131 il\u0259 tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Norve\u00e7 A\u0130-nin \u00fczv\u00fc deyil v\u0259 \u00f6z siyas\u0259tini y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr, miqrantlara qar\u015f\u0131 s\u0259rtlik bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0130sve\u00e7 v\u0259 Danimarka aras\u0131nda ortada yer al\u0131r. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin ox\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131 eyni idar\u0259etm\u0259 formas\u0131n\u0131n – konstitusiyal\u0131 monarxiyan\u0131n m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fundad\u0131r ki, bu da \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 m\u00fcsb\u0259t milli kimliyin formala\u015fmas\u0131na k\u00f6m\u0259k edir. B\u00fct\u00fcn Skandinaviya d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 sosial institutlar inki\u015faf edib, ham\u0131s\u0131 rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ridir. Onlar\u0131n ox\u015far h\u00fcquq sistemi, sosial siyas\u0259ti, m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti v\u0259 ortaq tarixi var. \u018fslind\u0259, h\u0259tta \u0130sve\u00e7 xalq\u0131 aktiv multikultural siyas\u0259tin\u0259 v\u0259 \u00f6z \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259tinin \u201ceroziyas\u0131na\u201d baxmayaraq, h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 \u00e7ox homogendir. Miqrantlara h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n verilm\u0259si onlar\u0131n inteqrasiyas\u0131na k\u00f6m\u0259k etmir, \u201crifah\u201d is\u0259, \u0259ksin\u0259, onlar\u0131 yeni c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fmaq h\u0259v\u0259sind\u0259n (akkulturasiya stressi s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n) m\u0259hrum edir. \u00d6zl\u0259ri v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r f\u0259lak\u0259tli v\u0259ziyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r ki, n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin h\u0259r yeni \u00fczv\u00fc il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 x\u0259rcl\u0259ri art\u0131r. \u00dcst\u0259lik, sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259t tamh\u00fcquqlu \u0259m\u0259k inteqrasiyas\u0131na h\u0259tta \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 inteqrasiya siyas\u0259tinin y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 inki\u015faf etdiyi Danimarkada da m\u00fcdaxil\u0259 edir. \u0130sve\u00e7 is\u0259 yax\u0131n g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 yeni v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259m\u0259k “itirm\u0259si” s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n ciddi iqtisadi probleml\u0259rl\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015f\u0259 bil\u0259r. F\u0259al \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n multikultural siyas\u0259t\u0259 baxmayaraq, \u0130sve\u00e7 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni v\u0259 dini homogenlik ideyalar\u0131ndan \u0259l \u00e7\u0259km\u0259mi\u015fdir. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 bu d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259dric\u0259n \u00f6z siyas\u0259tini yum\u015faltma\u011fa haz\u0131rla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Danimarka s\u0259rt siyas\u0259tin\u0259 baxmayaraq, dig\u0259r inki\u015faf etmi\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r kimi h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 miqrantlara ehtiyac duyur. Bu prosesi vahid regional miqrasiya siyas\u0259tinin qurulmas\u0131 ist\u0259yi il\u0259 deyil, h\u0259m sosial, h\u0259m d\u0259 iqtisadi miqrasiya il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015flar, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 maliyy\u0259 y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn azald\u0131lmas\u0131 c\u0259hdi il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirm\u0259k olar. Danimarka miqrantlar\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin “arzuolunmaz” t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rini b\u0259rab\u0259rl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259r\u0259k v\u0259 \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r t\u0259tbiq ed\u0259r\u0259k inteqrasiya siyas\u0259ti aparma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259, bu siyas\u0259t Avropan\u0131n \u0259n radikal siyas\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n birin\u0259 \u00e7evrildi. Miqrantlara qar\u015f\u0131 h\u0259ddind\u0259n art\u0131q t\u0259zyiq onlar\u0131 yerli \u0259halid\u0259n uzaqla\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131, eyni zamanda Danimarka daha az \u0259m\u0259k resurslar\u0131 ald\u0131 ki, bu da t\u0259dric\u0259n sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259tin b\u00f6hran\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. Danimarka c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 bu probleml\u0259rin f\u0259al m\u00fczakir\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 miqrantlardan naraz\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259 islam qorxusu ideyalar\u0131 \u0259traf\u0131nda t\u0259dric\u0259n m\u0259nfi milli kimlik yarand\u0131.<\/p>\n

        Sosial-iqtisadi b\u0259rab\u0259rsizliyi azaltmaq v\u0259 h\u0259r k\u0259s\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r imkanlar t\u0259qdim etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259di da\u015f\u0131yan sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259t sistemi, \u0259slind\u0259, se\u00e7ici v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rtidir, h\u0259tta c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 struktur b\u0259rab\u0259rsizliyinin g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 t\u00f6hf\u0259 verir. Sosial t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si tam m\u0259\u015f\u011fullu\u011fa \u0259sasland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, artan i\u015fsizlik v\u0259 qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n i\u015f \u015f\u0259raiti \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131na v\u0259 sosial t\u0259minat sisteml\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilikl\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259nib. \u201cM\u0259d\u0259ni f\u0259rql\u0259r\u201d haqq\u0131nda yeni diskurs \u0259slind\u0259 \u0259cn\u0259bil\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n u\u015faqlar\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131q ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliy\u0259 t\u00f6hf\u0259 verib. \u0130ndiki d\u00f6vr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r inteqrasiya probleminin m\u00fczakir\u0259si struktur ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilikd\u0259n t\u0259dric\u0259n \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 inteqrasiyaya ke\u00e7di. \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 miqrantlar yerli \u0259hali il\u0259 eyni m\u0259bl\u0259\u011fd\u0259 pul al\u0131rlar ki, bu da son n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 g\u0259rginliyin artmas\u0131na v\u0259 sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259tin iqtisadiyyat\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Qeyd ed\u0259k ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bel\u0259 inteqrasiya siyas\u0259tin\u0259 ke\u00e7idin s\u0259b\u0259bi eynidir: \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 inteqrasiya v\u0259 miqrantlar\u0131n iqtisadiyyata \u201cdaxil edilm\u0259si\u201d h\u0259ddind\u0259n art\u0131q y\u00fckl\u0259nmi\u015f sosial institutlar\u0131 sabitl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259yin yegan\u0259 yoludur. Bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7in miqrasiyan\u0131n t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 yana\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7ox \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259m\u0259xsusdur.<\/p>\n

        B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif qanunlara uy\u011fun ya\u015fayan bir ne\u00e7\u0259 n\u0259sil miqrant yeti\u015fdirilib. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, haz\u0131rda dili bilm\u0259y\u0259n yeni v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flara qar\u015f\u0131 kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r loyal m\u00fcnasib\u0259t h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur. \u018fm\u0259k bazar\u0131nda inteqrasiya t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 z\u0259ifdir. Bununla bel\u0259, multikultural siyas\u0259td\u0259n inteqrasiya siyas\u0259tin\u0259 t\u0259dric\u0259n ke\u00e7id var. H\u0259r iki siyas\u0259t miqrantlar\u0131n \u0130sve\u00e7 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin\u0259 inteqrasiyas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dini g\u00fcd\u00fcr. Lakin birincisi tamamil\u0259 m\u0259ntiqi fiaskoya u\u011fray\u0131b, ikincinin t\u0259tbiqi is\u0259 \u00e7ox l\u0259ng templ\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n

        Friman\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259 etdiyi bir yana\u015fma \u0259sas problemi iqtisadi dayan\u0131ql\u0131qda g\u00f6r\u00fcr, dig\u0259rl\u0259ri is\u0259 sosial rifah c\u0259miyy\u0259ti \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn sosial birliyin vacibliyin\u0259 diqq\u0259t yetirir v\u0259 yen\u0259 d\u0259 miqrasiya n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 bu sosial sistemin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan qorxur. Sosial qurulu\u015fun sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259t kimi modelinin miqrasiyan\u0131n yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn probleml\u0259rin \u00f6hd\u0259sind\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259 v\u0259 miqrantlar\u0131n yeni c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na t\u00f6hf\u0259 ver\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yin\u0259 inanan multikulturalistl\u0259rin yana\u015fmas\u0131 f\u0259rqlidir. Eyni zamanda, sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259t modeli v\u0259 miqrasiya ax\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 t\u0259siri m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olan n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rini \u00f6z t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131n\u0131n predmeti hesab etmirdil\u0259r. Lakin mill\u0259tin homogenliyi, sosial v\u0259 siyasi sisteml\u0259rin ox\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0259slind\u0259, bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u201cn\u0259zar\u0259t olunan rasional eksperiment\u201d aparma\u011fa imkan verir, \u00e7\u00fcnki m\u00fcqayis\u0259li t\u0259hlil \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u0259rait haz\u0131rda \u0259n optimald\u0131r. Danimarkal\u0131lar hesab edirl\u0259r ki, \u0259sas problem miqrantlar\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tind\u0259dir, kimlik b\u00f6hran\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259b\u0259bini inteqrasiya institutlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259ddind\u0259n art\u0131q d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259n \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 tamamil\u0259 f\u0259rqli yana\u015fma g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck. \u018fslind\u0259, isve\u00e7lil\u0259r hesab edirl\u0259r ki, struktur ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyi miqrantlar\u0131n c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 tam f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259sin\u0259 mane olur v\u0259 daha \u00e7ox h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n verilm\u0259si bu problemi h\u0259ll ed\u0259 bil\u0259r. Lakin R.Kupmans v\u0259 K.Zimmerman\u0131n s\u00fcbut etdiyi bu yana\u015fma real s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259lilikd\u0259n uzaqd\u0131r. Biz burada el\u0259 bir v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131q ki, miqrantlar c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 inteqrasiya stimulundan dem\u0259k olar ki, tamamil\u0259 m\u0259hrumdurlar. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t v\u0259 dialoqun vahid sah\u0259si yoxdur. M\u00fcvafiq olaraq, \u0130sve\u00e7 yana\u015fmas\u0131 da ideal deyil, \u00e7\u00fcnki o, multikultural c\u0259miyy\u0259tin qurulmas\u0131n\u0131 – vahid dil v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 ox\u015far davran\u0131\u015f etikas\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutan vahid m\u0259d\u0259ni v\u0259 kommunikasiya m\u0259kan\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istisna edir. Norve\u00e7 hesab edir ki, b\u0259l\u0259diyy\u0259l\u0259r miqrasiya probleml\u0259rinin \u00f6hd\u0259sind\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259 bilmir, bir q\u0259d\u0259r orta siyas\u0259t y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u0259r. Lakin yana\u015fmalardak\u0131 uy\u011funsuzluq s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n bel\u0259 bir siyas\u0259t d\u0259 effektiv hesab edil\u0259 bilm\u0259z. Bununla bel\u0259, \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7 modeli s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li inteqrasiya institutlar\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn c\u0259miyy\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox \u0259lveri\u015flidir. Eyni zamanda, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 biz akkulturasiya stresi alt\u0131nda stimul \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 problemi il\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015firik. M\u00fcvafiq olaraq, iddia etm\u0259k olar ki, siyasi m\u00fcdaxil\u0259 olmadan sosial d\u00f6vl\u0259t modeli n\u0259inki t\u00f6hf\u0259 vermir, \u0259ksin\u0259 miqrantlar\u0131n tam inteqrasiyas\u0131na v\u0259 iqtisadi rifah\u0131na mane olur. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259, b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 yaranan ksenofobik \u0259hval-ruhiyy\u0259 \u0259sas\u0131nda terror aktlar\u0131 riskini v\u0259 cinay\u0259tl\u0259rin artmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259rik. Daha q\u0131sa n\u0259tic\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xarmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn – danimarkal\u0131lar problemi miqrantlarda v\u0259 onlar\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tind\u0259, isve\u00e7lil\u0259r \u00f6z v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n irq\u00e7iliyind\u0259, norve\u00e7lil\u0259r is\u0259 b\u0259l\u0259diyy\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n xidm\u0259tl\u0259rin keyfiyy\u0259tind\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcrl\u0259r. Bununla bel\u0259, qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, \u0259g\u0259r \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r isve\u00e7lil\u0259r institutlar\u0131n d\u0259yi\u015fdirilm\u0259sin\u0259, ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kiliyin v\u0259 irq\u00e7iliyin s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin azald\u0131lmas\u0131na daha d\u0259qiq diqq\u0259t yetirirdil\u0259rs\u0259, indi daha \u00e7ox miqrantlar\u0131n \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 inteqrasiyas\u0131na diqq\u0259t yetirirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

        Danimarkada i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn daha \u00e7ox imkanlar v\u0259 stimullar var. Eyni zamanda, q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f inteqrasiya t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri olmadan miqrantlar\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259k \u00f6d\u0259ni\u015fli seqmentind\u0259n k\u0259narda qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Norve\u00e7 yana\u015fmas\u0131 miqrant\u0131n c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 inteqrasiya etm\u0259k v\u0259 tam h\u00fcquqlar \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir s\u0131ra s\u0259yl\u0259r g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259sini t\u0259min ed\u0259n h\u00fcquqi yana\u015fma kimi xarakteriz\u0259 edil\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bununla bel\u0259, real i\u015fl\u0259 t\u0259min ed\u0259n xidm\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 inteqrasiya proqramlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndak\u0131 uy\u011funsuzluq \u00f6z i\u015fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Norve\u00e7 sosial sistemi d\u0259 miqrasiya ax\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259zyiqi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u018fslind\u0259, optimal siyas\u0259t \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015f, yerli \u0259hali d\u0259 daxil olmaqla m\u00fc\u015fayi\u0259t olunan inteqrasiya t\u0259hsil proqramlar\u0131 v\u0259 miqrantlar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yax\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f pland\u0131r. Haz\u0131rda h\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 etnik v\u0259 milli kimlik b\u00f6hran\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131xma\u011f\u0131n yegan\u0259 yolu yeni siyasi d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 ke\u00e7iddir.<\/p>\n

        \u0130sve\u00e7 v\u0259 Norve\u00e7d\u0259 do\u011fum g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259ri Afrika v\u0259 Yax\u0131n \u015e\u0259rq \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin statistikas\u0131na yax\u0131n h\u0259dd\u0259 artm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu, ad\u0259t\u0259n, immiqrasiya etmi\u015f \u0259halinin, x\u00fcsus\u0259n \u0130raq v\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f Yuqoslaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259nl\u0259rin hesab\u0131na ba\u015f vermi\u015fdir. T\u0259dqiqatlar g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, \u0259g\u0259r bu tendensiya davam ets\u0259, etnik isve\u00e7lil\u0259r bir-iki n\u0259sil sonra azl\u0131q t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259c\u0259k. Bu yolla \u0130sve\u00e7 v\u0259 Avropaya miqrasiyan\u0131n geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259si ona g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r ki, yerli \u0259hali daha \u00e7ox assimilyasiyaya v\u0259 degenerasiyaya s\u0259b\u0259b olur. \u0130sve\u00e7 v\u0259 Norve\u00e7d\u0259 miqrasiya siyas\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u0259hlill\u0259r onu g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, h\u00f6kum\u0259t xalq\u0131n maraqlar\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almadan bu siyas\u0259ti h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir. H\u0259r iki \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 bu \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 siyasi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t etnik skandinavlar\u0131n yox olmas\u0131na, milli v\u0259 irqi probleml\u0259rin k\u0259skinl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, \u0259g\u0259r son 40 il \u0259rzind\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7 s\u0259nayesinin inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131 izl\u0259s\u0259k, \u0259m\u0259k immiqrasiyas\u0131 adlanan daha bir y\u00fck Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin iqtisadiyyat\u0131na \u0259lav\u0259 olunur.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u0130slam Avropa v\u0259 Skandinaviya <\/strong>\u0259razisind\u0259 m\u0259nfi kimliyin <\/strong>simvolu kimi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Danimarkada h\u0259ddind\u0259n art\u0131q s\u0259rt inteqrasiya siyas\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif sosial fobiyalar yaranma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. X\u00fcsus\u0259n d\u0259 m\u00fcs\u0259lman miqrantlar\u0131n say \u00e7oxlu\u011fu, h\u0259yat t\u0259rzi naraz\u0131l\u0131\u011fa s\u0259b\u0259b olur. \u018fslind\u0259, islam Q\u0259rb demokratiyalar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir n\u00f6v m\u0259nfi kimliyin simvoluna \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdir, bu m\u00fcnasib\u0259t\u0259 Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 rastla\u015fmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. T\u0259qdim olunan ssenaril\u0259rd\u0259n Avropan\u0131n yerli \u0259halisinin qorxular\u0131n\u0131 \u0259n parlaq \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u201cYeni xilaf\u0259t\u201d ssenarisi t\u0259svir edir. Ssenari bir \u00e7ox c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n yuxar\u0131da g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n Edvard S\u0259idin n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sini, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 \u015e\u0259rq \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 bir s\u0131ra Avropa stereotipl\u0259rini t\u0259sdiql\u0259yir. Onun m\u0259ntiqin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar yeni d\u00fcnya birliyind\u0259 – \u201cYeni xilaf\u0259t\u201d d\u00f6vl\u0259tind\u0259 birl\u0259\u015f\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259r [4, s.93]. Dini kimliyin artan t\u0259siri demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesl\u0259rinin dayanmas\u0131na v\u0259 b\u0259zi demokratik rejiml\u0259rin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn s\u00fcqutuna, habel\u0259 \u201cradikal dini kimliy\u0259 \u0259saslanan qlobal h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131n formala\u015fmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olacaq\u201d milli kimliyin \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tinin azalmas\u0131 prosesini s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259ndir\u0259c\u0259k, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, d\u00fcnya nizam\u0131n\u0131 sars\u0131tma\u011fa v\u0259 sivilizasiyalararas\u0131 ideoloji qar\u015f\u0131durman\u0131 i\u015f\u0131qland\u0131rma\u011fa qadir olan qlobal islam layih\u0259si\u201d. M\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 birliyinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 terrorizm v\u0259 m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sini azaltmayacaq, \u0259ksin\u0259 art\u0131racaq. M\u00fcs\u0259lman d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, s\u00fcnnil\u0259rl\u0259 \u015fi\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131nda qar\u015f\u0131durmalar\u0131n olmas\u0131, xilaf\u0259ti \u201ckafirl\u0259rd\u0259n\u201d qoruyan yeni terror t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 tamamil\u0259 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu ssenari, dem\u0259k olar ki, beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik sistemind\u0259ki b\u00f6hran\u0131n t\u0259sviridir. Bu sistemd\u0259 g\u00fcc balans\u0131 k\u00f6vr\u0259kdir, Q\u0259rb v\u0259 m\u00fcs\u0259lman d\u00fcnyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda qar\u015f\u0131durma h\u0259r an m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259y\u0259 (regional, yerli v\u0259 h\u0259tta qlobal) \u00e7evril\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bu ssenari avropal\u0131lar bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259lidir. B\u0259zil\u0259ri h\u0259tta \u201c\u0130slam Avropas\u0131\u201d d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin yaranmas\u0131ndan qorxurlar. Qorxu daha \u00e7ox bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin Avropaya t\u0259cav\u00fcz\u00fcn\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 deyil, m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar\u0131n Avropada yava\u015f-yava\u015f m\u0259skunla\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 yaran\u0131r. Avropa c\u0259miyy\u0259ti m\u00fcs\u0259lman m\u00fchacirl\u0259ri \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcr, probleml\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 onlar\u0131 g\u00fcnahland\u0131raraq, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc onlardan t\u0259crid etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Milli kimliyin \u201cb\u0259rpas\u0131na\u201d \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran radikal partiyalar\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259min yarad\u0131l\u0131r. M\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar is\u0259 “d\u0259rin bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 Q\u0259rb c\u0259miyy\u0259tin\u0259 inteqrasiya etmi\u015f v\u0259 \u00f6z t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7ata bil\u0259c\u0259k d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 Q\u0259rb modelini m\u0259nims\u0259mi\u015fl\u0259r. Eyni zamanda, onlar\u0131n siyasi avanqard\u0131n\u0131n ir\u0259li s\u00fcrd\u00fcy\u00fc m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259r k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 Q\u0259rb c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin fundamental prinsip v\u0259 \u0259saslar\u0131na alternativdir. Bir s\u00f6zl\u0259, bel\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin vektorunu m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar\u0131\u201d Q\u0259rb c\u0259miyy\u0259tin\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fmaq yox, \u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131rmaq ist\u0259yi kimi m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etm\u0259k olar\u201d. B\u00f6hran v\u0259 sosial qeyri-sabitlik d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cyadlar\u0131n\u201d \u00fcst\u00fcn\u0259 at\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          N\u0259tic\u0259<\/strong><\/p>\n

          G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259ti siyas\u0259ti Skandinaviya regionunu prinsipial olaraq yeni, d\u00fcnyada \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 yerl\u0259rd\u0259n birin\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131rsa da, m\u00fcasir m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl ya\u015fay\u0131r, c\u0259miyy\u0259t v\u0259 f\u0259rd \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u0259nfi prinsipl\u0259r ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcr. Skandinaviyada individualizmin inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259si rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin kollektivizm siyas\u0259ti il\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fmad\u0131, bu yolla bir s\u0131ra probleml\u0259r meydan \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131: qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131n yox olmas\u0131, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcifad\u0259nin yeni aqressiv formalar\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131, suisid meyill\u0259rinin artmas\u0131, n\u0259sill\u0259raras\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 s. [4, s.90].<\/p>\n

          \u0130sve\u00e7, Norve\u00e7 v\u0259 Danimarkada d\u00f6vl\u0259t s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n sosial siyas\u0259t ictimaiyy\u0259tin \u00fcmumi maraqlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131, \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi ail\u0259nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, feminist h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131n geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259si, etnik skandinavlar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n qorunmas\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259lizl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si kimi narahatl\u0131qlara s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Protestant etikas\u0131na xas f\u0259rdi d\u00fcnyag\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc il\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkil edil\u0259n \u00fcmumrifah d\u00f6vl\u0259tin\u0259 m\u0259xsus konsepsiya x\u00fcsusi sosial-siyasi xarakterli probleml\u0259r do\u011furur. \u018fvv\u0259ll\u0259r konservativ hesab edil\u0259n bir s\u0131ra sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n veril\u0259n azadl\u0131qlar Skandinaviya c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin f\u0259rdil\u0259\u015fm\u0259sini daha da g\u00fccl\u0259ndirir.<\/p>\n

          Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 milli m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 situasiya k\u0259skinl\u0259\u015fir. \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 h\u0259r il miqrantlara, x\u00fcsus\u0259n d\u0259 Yax\u0131n \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131q m\u00fcqavim\u0259t hallar\u0131 s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 art\u0131r. Sa\u011f t\u0259may\u00fcll\u00fc partiyalar v\u0259 ictimai t\u0259\u015fkilatlar bu k\u0259skin sosial-siyasi problemi h\u0259ll etm\u0259yin yolunu k\u00fctl\u0259vi immiqrasiyan\u0131 v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 multikultural t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259ni dayand\u0131rmaqda g\u00f6r\u00fcrl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

          Sosial-demokrat partiyalar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n miqrasiya siyas\u0259tin\u0259 dair t\u0259nqidl\u0259r fonunda s\u0259birsiz v\u0259 aqressiv Skandinaviya c\u0259miyy\u0259ti formala\u015f\u0131r, h\u0259tta b\u0259zi t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 antiimmiqrasion \u0259hval-ruhiyy\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u201cneonasizm\u201d terminind\u0259n istifad\u0259 edirl\u0259r. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n odur ki, rifah d\u00f6vl\u0259ti \u201cf\u00f6vq\u0259lm\u0259qs\u0259d\u201din \u00f6hd\u0259sind\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259 bilmir, b\u00fct\u00fcn Skandinaviya \u0259halisinin \u00fcmumrifah\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u00fcni \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7oxmill\u0259tli c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 kadr v\u0259 genetik probleml\u0259rin h\u0259llind\u0259 ayd\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n probleml\u0259r var. \u0130ctimai institutlar\u0131n reformasiyas\u0131 \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 yaranm\u0131\u015f probleml\u0259r kompleksini h\u0259ll etm\u0259k olar.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          \u0130ST\u0130FAD\u018f ED\u0130LM\u0130\u015e \u018fD\u018fB\u0130YYAT:<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Arne, Naess.<\/em> Ecology Community and Lifestyle, David Rothenberg, CUP, Cambridge, 1989<\/li>\n
          2. \u042d\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442, \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043d.<\/em> \u041b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c. \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u0440\u0438, 2021, -208\u0441.<\/li>\n
          3. \u041b\u0430\u0440\u0441 \u041c\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433. <\/em>\u041d\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0441:\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0435. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043c\u043e, 2017, -320 \u0441.<\/li>\n
          4. \u041b\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e, \u041f.\u0412. <\/em>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445. \/\/ \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041c.: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, 2014, \u2116 9, c. 88-96.<\/li>\n
          5. Karen N. Breidahl.<\/em> Ethnic diversity, social policy and the Scandinavian welfare states: Similar or different policy responses, http:\/\/vbn.aau.dk\/files, 2011.<\/li>\n
          6. \u0415\u043b\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412. <\/em>\u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043a \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443. \/16 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 2019\/ – https:\/\/rb.ru\/story\/candinavian-life-philosophies<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

             <\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

            Gunel Garayeva <\/strong><\/p>\n

            UTOPIC WORLDVIEW AS A SOURCE OF SOCIAL POLICY IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

            Scandinavian countries use the possibilities of their social policy to maintain the existing order and unity in society, to provide broad rights for every person living in the country, including migrants. After some time, the citizens of the Scandinavian countries began to think about the threat to the well-being and social-democratic foundations of their state. Cultural conflicts were linked to the problem of the sustainability of social programs and fueled the debate on the crisis of Scandinavian identity and unity. Studies show that under the influence of migration policy at the present stage, the worldview of the Scandinavian people the main indicators of which are patience, obedience and rationality is being transformed. As a result, the only way to solve the problem is to work with the population as a whole, because the other way is effectively discrimination.<\/p>\n

            In the article were analyzed the peculiar aspects of social policy and the ideology of Scandinavianism in the Scandinavian countries, the identity crisis was considered as one of the most serious problems of the welfare state model, the difficulties arising in the migration policy of the Scandinavian countries and the legal regulation of migration were paid attention to and the attitude towards the Islamic religion in Europe and Scandinavia was analyzed.<\/p>\n

            Keywords: <\/strong>social policy, welfare state model, social peace, Scandinavian principles of happiness, individualism, collectivism<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            \u0413\u044e\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u00a0\u0423\u0422\u041e\u041f\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0415 \u041c\u0418\u0420\u041e\u0412\u041e\u0417\u0417\u0420\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0415 \u041a\u0410\u041a \u0418\u0421\u0422\u041e\u0427\u041d\u0418\u041a \u0421\u041e\u0426\u0418\u0410\u041b\u042c\u041d\u041e\u0419 <\/strong>\u041f\u041e\u041b\u0418\u0422\u0418\u041a\u0418 \u0412 \u0421\u041a\u0410\u041d\u0414\u0418\u041d\u0410\u0412\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0425 \u0421\u0422\u0420\u0410\u041d\u0410\u0425<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c. \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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            \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430:<\/strong> \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f, \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            G\u00fcnel QARAYEVA Bak\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259t Universitetinin dissertant\u0131 Bak\u0131, Az\u0259rbaycan \u00a0E-mail: gunel.q@outlook.com ORCID: 0000-0002-0861-634X   X\u00fclas\u0259. Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri sosial siyas\u0259tinin imkanlar\u0131ndan c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 m\u00f6vcud nizam v\u0259 birliyi qorumaq, \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259razisind\u0259 ya\u015fayan h\u0259r bir \u015f\u0259xs, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n miqrantlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn geni\u015f h\u00fcquqlar t\u0259min etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 istifad\u0259 edir. M\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u00fcdd\u0259t sonra Skandinaviya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 \u00f6z d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin rifah\u0131 v\u0259 sosial-demokratik […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":886,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-939","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cild-1--1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/939","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=939"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/939\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":940,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/939\/revisions\/940"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/886"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=939"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=939"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=939"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}