{"id":952,"date":"2023-10-04T12:55:05","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T08:55:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/?p=952"},"modified":"2023-10-04T12:55:05","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T08:55:05","slug":"aluminium-senayesinin-formalasmasi-dunya-ve-azerbaycan-timsalinda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/2023\/10\/04\/aluminium-senayesinin-formalasmasi-dunya-ve-azerbaycan-timsalinda\/","title":{"rendered":"AL\u00dcM\u0130N\u0130UM S\u018fNAYES\u0130N\u0130N FORMALA\u015eMASI:  D\u00dcNYA V\u018f AZ\u018fRBAYCAN T\u0130MSALINDA"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Ramil H\u018fS\u018fNOV<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Az\u0259rbaycan Texnologiya Universitetinin doktorant\u0131 <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>E-mail: r.hasanov@uteca.edu.az<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>ORCID: 0000-0003-4267-7039<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>UOT: 338.2, 338.3, 332.1.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>X\u00fclas\u0259.<\/strong> Al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131n\u0131n formala\u015fmas\u0131 d\u00fcnyadak\u0131 b\u00f6y\u00fck inqilabi yenilikl\u0259rd\u0259n idi. XIX \u0259sr Avropa saraylar\u0131nda q\u0131z\u0131ldan daha d\u0259y\u0259rli \u0259mt\u0259\u0259 kimi x\u00fcsusi qonaqlara t\u0259qdim edil\u0259n al\u00fcminium bir anda h\u0259r k\u0259sin \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi metala \u00e7evrildi. S\u0259b\u0259b is\u0259 onun k\u00fctl\u0259vi istehsal\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259\u015ff edilm\u0259si idi.<\/p>\n<p>Al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin qlobal \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 x\u00fcsusi \u00f6n\u0259mi vard\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada h\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259 t\u0259m\u0259ld\u0259n al\u00fcminium istehsal ed\u0259c\u0259k s\u0259naye potensial\u0131na malik olmur. Bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u00f6y\u00fck miqdarda enerji t\u0259minat\u0131 v\u0259 g\u0259r\u0259kli resurslar laz\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesi Az\u0259rbaycan iqtisadiyyat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fch\u00fcm strateji \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 malikdir. M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 d\u00fcnya il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycanda al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin formala\u015fmas\u0131 v\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcm m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri qeyd edilmi\u015fdir. T\u0259dqiqat i\u015finin m\u0259qs\u0259di qeyri-neft sektorunda \u0259sas paya sahib bu s\u0259naye sah\u0259sin\u0259 elmi-informatik bax\u0131\u015f h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259kdir. Al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesi \u00fczr\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda apar\u0131lan t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131n h\u0259d\u0259fi m\u00f6vcud strateji sah\u0259y\u0259 diqq\u0259t formala\u015fd\u0131rmaqla yana\u015f\u0131 sosial t\u0259dqiqatlar sferas\u0131na da t\u00f6hf\u0259 verm\u0259kdir. M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin d\u00fcnya v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan \u00fczr\u0259 t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl tarixi, texnoloji proses v\u0259 modern iqtisadi layih\u0259l\u0259r olmaqla bir s\u0131ra \u00f6n\u0259mli m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r \u0259trafl\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A\u00e7ar s\u00f6zl\u0259r:<\/strong> al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesi, istehsal, iqtisadiyyat, iqtisadi tarix, Az\u0259rbaycan s\u0259nayesi, ya\u015f\u0131l enerji<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Sivilizasiya tarixind\u0259 b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259t bir \u00e7ox \u00f6n\u0259mli m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r ke\u00e7mi\u015fdir. \u018fcdadlar\u0131m\u0131z olan ilk a\u011f\u0131ll\u0131 insanlar\u0131n (homo sapiensl\u0259rin) da\u015f al\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 tan\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 onlardan geni\u015f istifad\u0259si t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00fcn ilkin m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rini formala\u015fd\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Min ill\u0259r ke\u00e7dikc\u0259 insanlar t\u0259kmill\u0259\u015fmi\u015f v\u0259 da\u015f al\u0259tl\u0259ri metal l\u0259vazimatlar \u0259v\u0259z etmi\u015fdir. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, \u0259m\u0259k al\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n geni\u015f istifad\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 ibtidai icma qurulu\u015fu 3 b\u00f6y\u00fck m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr: Da\u015f, Tunc v\u0259 D\u0259mir d\u00f6vrl\u0259ri.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0259rt v\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259m metal olan d\u0259mirin k\u0259\u015ffi il\u0259 insanlar\u0131n iqtisadi f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259ri geni\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f, t\u0259minat-t\u0259chizat sistemind\u0259 yenilikl\u0259r artm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. D\u0259mirin \u0259v\u0259zedilm\u0259z metal kimi hegemonlu\u011fu m\u00fcasir d\u00f6vr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259d\u0259k davam edir. Ona yegan\u0259 r\u0259qab\u0259ti yeni d\u00f6vr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn unikal metal\u0131 olan al\u00fcminium formala\u015fd\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. S\u0259nayed\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunma\u011fa ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnd\u0259n etibar\u0259n al\u00fcminium d\u0259mirin \u0259hat\u0259 \u00e7evr\u0259sini daraltmaqdad\u0131r. Bunun da ba\u015fl\u0131ca s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259ri i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 al\u00fcminiumun h\u0259m iqtisadi, h\u0259m d\u0259 ekoloji c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n s\u0259rf\u0259li olmas\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> D\u00fcnyada al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131n\u0131n <\/strong><strong>formala\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>1.1. Al\u00fcminiumun kimy\u0259vi <\/strong><strong>xass\u0259l\u0259ri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Al\u00fcminiumun kimy\u0259vi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u00f6yr\u0259nilm\u0259si onun s\u0259nayed\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunmas\u0131n\u0131n ilkin d\u00f6vrl\u0259rin\u0259 yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Al\u00fcminium Mendeleyevin d\u00f6vri sistemind\u0259 13-c\u00fc element olan metald\u0131r. Atom n\u00f6mr\u0259si 13, beyn\u0259lxalq simvolu Al-d\u0131r. Al\u00fcminium atomunun n\u00fcv\u0259si 13 proton v\u0259 14 neytrondan ibar\u0259tdir. N\u00fcv\u0259 \u0259traf\u0131nda d\u00f6vr ed\u0259n elektronlar\u0131n say\u0131 is\u0259 13-d\u00fcr. Atomik k\u00fctl\u0259si 26.9815384 q\/mol, s\u0131xl\u0131\u011f\u0131 2,702 q\/sm<sup>3<\/sup>-d\u0131r. Al\u00fcminiumun \u0259rim\u0259 temperaturu 660 \u00b0C, qaynama temperaturu is\u0259 2,467 \u00b0C t\u0259\u015fkil edir [11]. Al\u00fcminium g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc-a\u011f r\u0259ngd\u0259, y\u00fcng\u00fcl v\u0259 yum\u015faq metald\u0131r. Korroziyaya qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcqavim\u0259ti il\u0259 tan\u0131n\u0131r. H\u0259m al\u00fcminiumun spesifik r\u0259nginin, h\u0259m d\u0259 m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0259sas\u0131 s\u0259thind\u0259 yaranm\u0131\u015f oksid t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259dir. Al\u00fcminium adi \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7valentlidir, lakin y\u00fcks\u0259k temperaturda birvalentli halda da ola bilir. Al\u00fcminium oksigenl\u0259 \u00e7ox tez birl\u0259\u015f\u0259r\u0259k al\u00fcminium oksid \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tirir. Oksidl\u0259\u015fdikd\u0259 s\u0259thind\u0259 nazik v\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259m oksid p\u0259rd\u0259si yaran\u0131r v\u0259 onu sonrak\u0131 oksidl\u0259\u015fm\u0259d\u0259n qoruyur. Al\u00fcminium Yer k\u00fcr\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f metald\u0131r v\u0259 planetimizin n\u00fcv\u0259 k\u00fctl\u0259sinin 8%-d\u0259n \u00e7oxu al\u00fcminiumdan ibar\u0259tdir. Eyni zamanda, oksigen v\u0259 silikondan sonra Yer k\u00fcr\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 3-c\u00fc elementdir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 baxmayaraq kimy\u0259vi xass\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq al\u00fcminium asanl\u0131qla dig\u0259r elementl\u0259rl\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fir. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, al\u00fcminium t\u0259bi\u0259td\u0259 qaya par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n, da\u015flar\u0131n, torpa\u011f\u0131n, h\u0259tta canl\u0131lar\u0131n bel\u0259 t\u0259rkibin\u0259 kimy\u0259vi olaraq birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015fdir. M\u0259hz bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259ndir ki, al\u00fcminiumla insanl\u0131q yeni tarixd\u0259 tan\u0131\u015f olub, onun s\u0259naye istehsal\u0131na yax\u0131n d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131l\u0131b.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.2. S\u0259naye \u00fcsulu il\u0259 al\u00fcminiumun <\/strong><strong>al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Al\u00fcminium frans\u0131z dilind\u0259 \u201calumine\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259n formala\u015f\u0131b v\u0259 lat\u0131nca \u201calum\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259n g\u0259lm\u0259dir. \u201cAlum\u201d q\u0259dim d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunmu\u015f al\u00fcminium t\u0259rkibli minerald\u0131r. Termin kimi ilk d\u0259f\u0259 Heredot t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n istifad\u0259 edilib. Lat\u0131n dilind\u0259 \u201calumen\u201d adl\u0131 madd\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 eram\u0131zdan \u0259vv\u0259l par\u00e7a boyamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edilirdi. Metal kimi al\u00fcminium ilk d\u0259f\u0259 XIX \u0259srd\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 edilib. 1808-ci ild\u0259 ingilis fiziki v\u0259 kimya\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Hemfri Devi elektroliz \u00fcsulu il\u0259 bor, kalium, natrium, barium, kalsium v\u0259 maqnezium kimi elementl\u0259rin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fkar etdi. Devi h\u0259min t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 d\u00fcnya elmi v\u0259 s\u0259nayesi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn inqilabi yenilik olacaq yeni bir element \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yol a\u00e7d\u0131. T\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edildi ki, elektroliz \u00fcsulu il\u0259 al\u00fcminium oksidd\u0259n (gil-torpaq) al\u00fcminium \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259k olar. 1821-ci ild\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 al\u00fcminium \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259sas xammal olacaq boksit kimy\u0259vi madd\u0259si Fransada k\u0259\u015ff edildi [8]. Q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 r\u0259ngd\u0259 olan boksiti Pyer Bertye adl\u0131 frans\u0131z geoloq ixtira etdi. Boksit ad\u0131 is\u0259 onun tap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olan Fransan\u0131n c\u0259nubundak\u0131 Les Bauks adl\u0131 \u0259razid\u0259n g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcb. Boksit filizi al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 t\u0259chizat z\u0259ncirinin ilkin m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259sas mineral-xammald\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>R\u0259smi olaraq al\u00fcminium ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1824-c\u00fc ild\u0259 danimarkal\u0131 fizik v\u0259 kimya\u00e7\u0131 Hans Ersted t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u0259ld\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir. O, hidrats\u0131z al\u00fcminium xloridini kalium amalqama il\u0259 reaksiyaya ver\u0259r\u0259k f\u0259rqli bir madd\u0259 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elan etmi\u015fdi. 1827-ci ild\u0259 alman kimya\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Fridrix V\u00f6ler Erstedin t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n yola \u00e7\u0131xaraq al\u00fcminiumun tozunu k\u0259\u015ff etdi.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lk d\u0259f\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 olunan al\u00fcminium tozu 30 qram \u00e7\u0259kid\u0259 idi. Bundan sonra 1845-ci ild\u0259 V\u00f6ler art\u0131q ki\u00e7ik par\u00e7a al\u00fcminium metallar\u0131 \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259 bildi. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n tarixd\u0259 al\u00fcminium metal\u0131n\u0131n ixtira\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 kimi dah \u00e7ox Fridrix V\u00f6ler q\u0259bul edils\u0259 d\u0259, onun k\u0259\u015ff etdiyi \u00fcsullarla al\u00fcminium \u00e7ox \u00e7\u0259tin v\u0259 az miqdarda \u0259ld\u0259 olunurdu. H\u0259tta q\u0131z\u0131ldan daha baha ba\u015fa g\u0259lirdi.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0259naye \u00fcsulu il\u0259 al\u00fcminium ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1856-c\u0131 ild\u0259 frans\u0131z kimya\u00e7\u0131 Anri Etyen Sent-Kler Devilin r\u0259hb\u0259rlik etdiyi qrup t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u0259ld\u0259 edilir. Devil a\u015fkar edir ki, al\u00fcminium trixloridi natriumla azaltmaq olar. Devil 1858-ci ild\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irdiyi t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 etdiyi elmi m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 toplayaraq ilk d\u0259f\u0259 tarixd\u0259 \u201cAl\u00fcminium\u201d ad\u0131nda kitab yaz\u0131r. 1855-1890-c\u0131 ill\u0259r aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 200 ton al\u00fcminium metal\u0131 istehsal edilir. Bu \u00fcsul V\u00f6lerin istifad\u0259 etdiyi kalium metodundan daha rahat v\u0259 ucuz olsa da, al\u00fcminiumu ist\u0259nil\u0259n keyfiyy\u0259td\u0259 istehsal etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyildi. 1867-ci ild\u0259 Parisd\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 al\u00fcminium qatq\u0131lar\u0131ndan ibar\u0259t al\u00fcminium-b\u00fcr\u00fcnc birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li metal s\u0259rgisi t\u0259\u015fkil edildi. 1884-c\u00fc ild\u0259 AB\u015e-da c\u0259mi 60 kq al\u00fcminium \u0259ld\u0259 edilmi\u015fdi v\u0259 onun da bazar qiym\u0259ti t\u0259xmin\u0259n g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f d\u0259y\u0259rind\u0259 idi. Al\u00fcminiumun s\u0259nayed\u0259 geni\u015f istehsal\u0131 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1886-c\u0131 ild\u0259 frans\u0131z m\u00fch\u0259ndiz Pol Eru v\u0259 amerikan m\u00fch\u0259ndis \u00c7arlz Martin Hol t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irildi. \u0130nqilabi yenilik olan Hol-Eru texnoloji prosesi il\u0259 al\u00fcminium oksid (alumina) metala \u00e7evrildi. H\u0259min d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259n bu g\u00fcn\u0259d\u0259k al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131nda elektroliz \u00fcsulundan istifad\u0259 etm\u0259kl\u0259 bu texnologiya t\u0259tbiq olunur. Bu \u00fcsul b\u00f6y\u00fck h\u0259cmd\u0259 maye al\u00fcminium istehsal edilm\u0259si il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, qiym\u0259tin d\u0259 d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. 1888-ci ild\u0259 AB\u015e-\u0131n Kensinqton \u0259razisind\u0259 elektroliz \u00fcsulu il\u0259 ilk al\u00fcminium \u0259rintisi emal\u0131 zavodu yarad\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk g\u00fcnl\u0259r istehsal g\u00fcnd\u0259lik 22 kq t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi. 2 il sonra g\u00fcnd\u0259lik istehsal h\u0259cmi 240 kq-a \u00e7atd\u0131 [9].<\/p>\n<p>N\u00f6vb\u0259ti b\u00f6y\u00fck inqilabi k\u0259\u015ff is\u0259 1889-cu ild\u0259 avstriyal\u0131 kimya\u00e7\u0131 Karl Yozef Bayer t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irildi [12]. \u201cBayer prosesi\u201d adlanan \u00fcsulla boksitd\u0259n al\u00fcminium oksid \u0259ld\u0259 edildi. Bu g\u00fcn d\u00fcnyadak\u0131 al\u00fcminium oksidin b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti m\u0259hz bu texnologiya il\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 edilir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.3. Ya\u015f\u0131l enerji layih\u0259l\u0259rinin <\/strong><strong>haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 il\u0259 k\u00fctl\u0259vi al\u00fcminium <\/strong><strong>istehsal\u0131na ke\u00e7id<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Elektroliz \u00fcsulu il\u0259 al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259\u015ffi il\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k enerji t\u0259l\u0259bat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6d\u0259nilm\u0259si \u00fczr\u0259 axtar\u0131\u015flar ba\u015fland\u0131. \u018fn rasional metod kimi ya\u015f\u0131l enerji vasit\u0259si olan su elektrik stansiyalar\u0131 (SES) \u0259sas g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. XIX \u0259srin sonlar\u0131ndan etibar\u0259n AB\u015e-da SES-l\u0259rin tikintisin\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131 [14]. Bu istiqam\u0259t al\u00fcminium zavodlar\u0131n\u0131n tikintisi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 diqq\u0259td\u0259 saxlan\u0131ld\u0131. Eyni proses Avropada da davam etdirildi.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Viktor Neher ilk d\u0259f\u0259 davaml\u0131 yayma prosesi il\u0259 al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131 texnologiyas\u0131n\u0131 ixtira etdi [13]. H\u0259min texnologiya \u00fczr\u0259 1910-cu ild\u0259 d\u00fcnyada ilk d\u0259f\u0259 nazik rulonlara q\u0259d\u0259r yayma zavodu \u0130sve\u00e7r\u0259d\u0259 tikildi. 1909-cu ild\u0259 alman metallurq Alfred Vilm ilk d\u0259f\u0259 al\u00fcminium \u0259rintil\u0259rini k\u0259\u015ff etdi. Yeni ixtiralarla m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edildi ki, al\u00fcminiuma dig\u0259r metallar \u0259lav\u0259 edildikd\u0259 o, daha da g\u00fccl\u0259nir. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, ilk d\u0259f\u0259 duralumin, al\u00fcminium-mis, al\u00fcminium-manqan, al\u00fcminium-maqnezium \u0259rintil\u0259ri al\u0131nd\u0131. 1920-ci ild\u0259 Rusiyada \u00f6lk\u0259nin elektrikl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si \u00fczr\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t komissiyas\u0131n\u0131n (QOELRO) proqram\u0131 \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 k\u00fctl\u0259vi al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131 zavodlar\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yeni SES layih\u0259l\u0259ri \u00f6n\u0259 s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn SSR\u0130-d\u0259 ya\u015f\u0131l enerji m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rinin tikintisin\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131 [10]. 1932-ci ild\u0259 SSR\u0130-d\u0259 elekroliz \u00fcsullu ilk al\u00fcminium zavodu tikildi. D\u00fcnyada al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259cmi v\u0259 onun paralelind\u0259 SES-l\u0259rin tikintisi \u00e7oxald\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1972-ci ild\u0259 Beyn\u0259lxalq Al\u00fcminium \u0130nstitutu (International Aluminium Institute) yarad\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00fcnya \u00fczr\u0259 al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131n\u0131n, boksitd\u0259n gil-torpa\u011fa b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00f6v al\u00fcminium istehsal\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n vahid institutu formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. M\u0259qs\u0259d qlobal al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesi v\u0259 onun inki\u015faf perspektivl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn birg\u0259 elmi v\u0259 texnoloji t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259k idi. Eyni zamanda institutun son d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259ki \u0259sas f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti v\u0259 strategiyas\u0131 qlobal tendensiyaya uy\u011fun olaraq al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesi \u00fczr\u0259 ya\u015f\u0131l prinsipl\u0259rin h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si, ya\u015f\u0131l enerji v\u0259 t\u0259chizat sisteml\u0259rinin qurulmas\u0131 istiqam\u0259tind\u0259dir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Az\u0259rbaycanda al\u00fcminium <\/strong><strong>s\u0259nayesinin yaranmas\u0131 v\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>2.1. Yerli eko-iqtisadi v\u0259 texnoloji\u00a0<\/strong><strong>baza ehtiyat\u0131n\u0131n formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 elektrik enerjisi t\u0259min etdiyind\u0259n ist\u0259nil\u0259n irih\u0259cmli s\u0259naye m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n bu t\u0259minat qar\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk analitik t\u0259hlill\u0259rd\u0259n sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya \u00fczr\u0259 d\u0259rk edilmi\u015fdi ki, alternativ enerji resurslar\u0131 olmadan al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesi kompleksl\u0259rini in\u015fa etm\u0259k h\u0259m \u00e7ox baha, h\u0259m d\u0259 ekoloji z\u0259r\u0259rli olacaqd\u0131r. S\u0131rf y\u00fcks\u0259k enerji istehlak\u0131 bax\u0131m\u0131ndan al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin t\u0259m\u0259lind\u0259 ya\u015f\u0131l enerji dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u015f\u0131l iqtisadiyyat\u0131n t\u0259m\u0259l meyar\u0131 kimi bu amil h\u0259m ekoloji, h\u0259m d\u0259 iqtisadi olaraq m\u0259nf\u0259\u0259tli hesab olunur. Bu bax\u0131mdan rahatl\u0131qla s\u00f6yl\u0259m\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ki, Az\u0259rbaycanda al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcn\u00f6vr\u0259si s\u0131rf ya\u015f\u0131l enerji t\u0259minat\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qurulmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n<p>Al\u00fcminium metal\u0131n\u0131n strateji \u00f6n\u0259mi d\u0259rk edildikc\u0259 pill\u0259-pill\u0259 onun istehsal\u0131 d\u00fcnyada geni\u015fl\u0259nir v\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin \u0259sas iqtisadi inki\u015faf proqramlar\u0131na daxil edilir. Qlobal m\u00fcst\u0259vid\u0259 al\u00fcminiuma artan maraq Az\u0259rbaycandan da yan ke\u00e7mir v\u0259 bu s\u0259nayenin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ilkin elmi-praktiki t\u0259dqiqatlar h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir. Az\u0259rbaycanda ilk al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131na SSR\u0130 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Qlobal siyasi g\u00fcc olma\u011f\u0131 h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259y\u0259n SSR\u0130 bunun m\u00f6hk\u0259m iqtisadiyyats\u0131z olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Avropa v\u0259 AB\u015e-da ilk add\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 atm\u0131\u015f al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesi h\u0259min co\u011frafiyalarda art\u0131q y\u00fcks\u0259lm\u0259kd\u0259 idi v\u0259 qlobal r\u0259qab\u0259td\u0259 Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131 bu sah\u0259ni arxa plana ata bilm\u0259zdi. Bu prinsipl\u0259r \u0259sas g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259kl\u0259 \u0130ttifaq\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn \u0259razil\u0259rind\u0259 geoloji bax\u0131\u015flar v\u0259 z\u0259ruri \u00f6n t\u0259dbirl\u0259r h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irildi. Az\u0259rbaycan da bu prosesin t\u0259rkibind\u0259 yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>AB\u015e-da oldu\u011fu kimi SSR\u0130-d\u0259 d\u0259 ilk ba\u015fl\u0131ca istiqam\u0259t su elektrik stansiyalar\u0131n\u0131n tikintisi oldu. 1920-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 ba\u015flanan v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn ke\u00e7mi\u015f SSR\u0130-ni \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n layih\u0259l\u0259rin icras\u0131nda \u0259sas m\u0259qs\u0259d bir s\u0131ra spesifik sah\u0259l\u0259r \u00fczr\u0259 \u0130ttifaq\u0131n \u00fcmumi elektrikl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si idi. Bu minvalla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn enerji t\u0259minat\u0131 hesab\u0131na m\u00f6vcud resurslara uy\u011fun s\u0259naye kompleksl\u0259rinin tikilm\u0259si h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259nirdi. M\u00f6vcud gedi\u015fat daxilind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259razisind\u0259 K\u00fcr \u00e7ay\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 su elektrik stansiyalar\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bunlardan \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck v\u0259 strateji alternativ enerji layih\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n olan Ming\u0259\u00e7evir Su Elektrik Stansiyas\u0131n\u0131n (SES) tikintisin\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131. Sad\u0259c\u0259 al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn deyil, \u00fcmum\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259nin enerji t\u0259minat\u0131nda bu SES \u00f6n\u0259mli rol oynayacaqd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u0259r\u0259kli olan \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn q\u0259d\u0259r uy\u011fun v\u0259 s\u0259rf\u0259li ilkin xammal\u0131 tapmaqd\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259tbiq edil\u0259n texnoloji metodlardan f\u0259rqli olaraq Az\u0259rbaycan t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259sind\u0259 daxili xammal resursu olaraq boksit yox al\u00fcnit m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015fdi. Geoloji t\u0259dqiqatlar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 G\u0259nc\u0259 yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Da\u015fk\u0259s\u0259n rayonunda alunit yataqlar\u0131 a\u015fkarland\u0131 v\u0259 yerli resurs \u0259sas\u0131nda x\u00fcsusi texnologiyaya malik al\u00fcminium zavodunun layih\u0259si haz\u0131rland\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1930-1931-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda G\u0259nc\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 illik 500 ton istehsal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u0259 malik olan t\u0259cr\u00fcbi al\u00fcminium oksid (gil-torpaq) zavodunun layih\u0259sinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 prosesi h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irildi [1].<\/p>\n<p>1931-ci ilin sonunda layih\u0259 Al\u00fcminium Birliyi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259sdiq edildi v\u0259 1932-ci ild\u0259n G\u0259nc\u0259 (ke\u00e7mi\u015f Kirovabad) \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259cr\u00fcbi al\u00fcminium oksid zavodu tikilib istismara verildi. Baza olaraq burada z\u0259ylik al\u00fcnit yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fl\u0259nilm\u0259si texnologiyas\u0131 yar\u0131ms\u0259naye miqyas\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.2. G\u0259nc\u0259 al\u00fcminium zavodu <\/strong><strong>(Gil-torpaq kombinat\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1955-ci ild\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f SSR\u0130-nin 50 illiyi \u015f\u0259r\u0259fin\u0259 G\u0259nc\u0259 al\u00fcminium zavodunun (ovaxtk\u0131 KirAZ \u2013 Kirovabad al\u00fcminium zavodu) tikintisin\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6lk\u0259nin \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck zavodlar\u0131ndan biri olacaq bu m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259nin tikintisi 11 il\u0259 tamamland\u0131. Bel\u0259likl\u0259,1966-c\u0131 ild\u0259 G\u0259nc\u0259 al\u00fcminium zavodu (GAZ) istifad\u0259y\u0259 verildi [3]. G\u0259nc\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri b\u00f6lg\u0259nin \u0259sas al\u00fcminium oksid (gil-torpaq) istehsal ed\u0259n s\u0259naye m\u0259rk\u0259zin\u0259 \u00e7evrildi. Bununla da al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin t\u0259m\u0259l qat\u0131nda z\u0259ruri olan 2 \u0259sas komponentin b\u00fcn\u00f6vr\u0259si at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu v\u0259 son n\u0259tic\u0259 etibaril\u0259 is\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda ilk \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck al\u00fcminium zavodu tikildi. GAZ ke\u00e7mi\u015f SSR\u0130 m\u0259rk\u0259zi s\u0259naye planlamas\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 sistemin\u0259 qo\u015fuldu. Y\u0259ni SSR\u0130-d\u0259ki m\u00f6vcud planlama prinsipin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n s\u0259naye kompleksl\u0259ri \u0130ttifaq boyu bir-birini xammal v\u0259 z\u0259ruri istehsalla t\u0259min etm\u0259li idi. Bu bax\u0131mdan GAZ-da istehsal edil\u0259n al\u00fcminium oksid xammal\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycandan xaric\u0259 v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 daxilind\u0259 is\u0259 Sumqay\u0131t al\u00fcminium zavoduna g\u00f6nd\u0259rildi. G\u0259nc\u0259d\u0259n Sumqay\u0131ta g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259n al\u00fcminium oksidd\u0259n elektroliz \u00fcsulu il\u0259 maye al\u00fcminium al\u0131nd\u0131. Y\u0259ni klassik GAZ al\u00fcminiumun \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc deyil, onun \u0259sas xammal\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131rdan emal ed\u0259n kimy\u0259vi zavod idi. Yarad\u0131lan t\u0259m\u0259l s\u0259naye z\u0259nciri il\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda ilk d\u0259f\u0259 al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si formala\u015fd\u0131. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, t\u0259chizat z\u0259nciri sistemi d\u0259 t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl tapd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>GAZ kimy\u0259vi istehsal prosesl\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259saslanan texnoloji layih\u0259 \u0259sas\u0131nda tikilmi\u015fdi. Gil-torpaq kombinat\u0131 kimi qeyd edil\u0259n bu zavod alunitd\u0259n 3 f\u0259rqli madd\u0259 istehsal\u0131na malik oldu:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em> Al\u00fcminium oksid<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em> Sulfat tur\u015fusu<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em> Kalium g\u00fcbr\u0259si.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u0259r\u0259kli olan al\u00fcminium oksidd\u0259n ba\u015fqa \u0259ld\u0259 edil\u0259n dig\u0259r kimy\u0259vi istehsallar da \u00f6lk\u0259 daxilind\u0259 v\u0259 onun xaricind\u0259ki t\u0259l\u0259bat \u00fczr\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif sah\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rildi.<\/p>\n<p>1966-1997-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda GAZ-da Da\u015fk\u0259s\u0259n z\u0259ylik yataqlar\u0131ndan \u0259ld\u0259 olunan alunitd\u0259n al\u00fcminium oksidin istehsal\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilirdi. G\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u0259rzind\u0259 18,4 mln. ton alunit filizinin emal\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 2,1 milyon ton al\u00fcminium oksid, 4.5 milyon ton sulfat tur\u015fusu v\u0259 0,8 milyon ton g\u00fcbr\u0259 istehsal edilmi\u015fdir [2]. Alunitd\u0259n al\u0131nan al\u00fcminium oksid istehsal\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcsb\u0259t c\u0259h\u0259ti s\u0131f\u0131rdan yerli resurslar hesab\u0131na istehsal\u0131n ba\u015f verm\u0259si idi. Ancaq bir \u00f6n\u0259mli n\u00fcans da alunitd\u0259n al\u00fcminium oksidinin al\u0131nma faizinin t\u0259xmin\u0259n 10-15% aras\u0131nda olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Klassik texnologiyada bu \u00fcsulun h\u0259m rentabellik potensial\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 ekoloji olaraq probleml\u0259ri m\u00f6vcud idi. D\u00fcnyada \u0259n \u00e7ox al\u00fcminium xammal\u0131 kimi istifad\u0259 olunan boksitl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 alunitd\u0259n al\u0131nan al\u00fcminium oksid 3-4 d\u0259f\u0259 azl\u0131q t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n GAZ-da istehsal\u0131n yeni fazas\u0131 olan boksitl\u0259 emal sektoru istifad\u0259y\u0259 verildi.<\/p>\n<p>GAZ Bayer prosesin\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq boksitl\u0259 emal texnologiyas\u0131n\u0131 istehsal strategiyas\u0131na daxil etdi. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 GAZ-da ayl\u0131q 30.000 ton aluminium oksid istehsal edilmi\u015fdir. Zavodun rekord g\u00f6st\u0259ricisi ayl\u0131q 40.000 ton t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015fdir. GAZ praktiki t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259sin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n yerli texnologiyam\u0131zda \u0259n faydal\u0131 boksit n\u00f6v\u00fc Afrikan\u0131n Syerra-Leone b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131land\u0131r. Bu boksitd\u0259n sonda 40% xalis al\u00fcminium oksid alma\u011f\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycan istehsal\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bacarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Dig\u0259r bir \u00e7ox boksit n\u00f6vl\u0259rind\u0259 ya fiziki-kimy\u0259vi emal \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri q\u0259liz, ya da son al\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q faizi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n<p>GAZ-\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 h\u0259m Az\u0259rbaycan, h\u0259m d\u0259 onun \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck ikinci \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri olan G\u0259nc\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6n\u0259mli hadis\u0259 idi. Bu s\u0259naye m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259sinin meydana g\u0259lm\u0259sind\u0259n sonra G\u0259nc\u0259d\u0259 al\u00fcminiumun kimy\u0259vi xammal istehsal\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259kt\u0259bi formala\u015fd\u0131. Minl\u0259rl\u0259 insan bu istehsal prosesind\u0259 i\u015ftirak etdi, zehni v\u0259 fiziki \u0259m\u0259k s\u0259rf etdil\u0259r. M\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259 \u00e7oxlu sayda insan resurslar\u0131 formala\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131. GAZ-\u0131n layih\u0259si olaraq b\u00f6y\u00fck bir Al\u00fcminium\u00e7ular q\u0259s\u0259b\u0259si sal\u0131nd\u0131. S\u0259naye il\u0259 elm aras\u0131nda \u0259laq\u0259ni m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir s\u0131ra z\u0259ruri add\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131. 1970-ci ild\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan Politexnik \u0130nstitutunun G\u0259nc\u0259 filial\u0131 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. Daha sonralar is\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f SSR\u0130 Nazirl\u0259r Sovetinin 202 sayl\u0131 22 fevral 1979-cu il tarixli, ona m\u00fcvafiq olaraq Az\u0259rbaycan SSR Nazirl\u0259r Sovetinin 206 sayl\u0131 10 iyul 1980-ci il tarixli q\u0259rarlar\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259hz h\u0259min Al\u00fcminium\u00e7ular q\u0259s\u0259b\u0259sinin \u0259razisind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan Texnologiya \u0130nstitutu (UTECA) yarad\u0131ld\u0131 [5]. \u018fsas m\u0259qs\u0259d yarad\u0131lan s\u0259naye m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 \u00fcmumilkd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan iqtisadiyyat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kadrlar yeti\u015fdirm\u0259k idi. UTECA yarand\u0131\u011f\u0131 vaxtdan bu g\u00fcn\u0259d\u0259k al\u00fcminium istehsal m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 davam etdirm\u0259kd\u0259dir. G\u0259nc\u0259 al\u00fcminium kompleksinin t\u0259sisatlar\u0131nda, m\u00f6vcud yeni texnologiyalar\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 istiqam\u0259tind\u0259 yeni layih\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 modernl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 \u00fczr\u0259 t\u0259dqiqat i\u015fl\u0259ri apar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.3. Sumqay\u0131t al\u00fcminium zavodu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Az\u0259rbaycanda saf al\u00fcminium metal\u0131 istehsal ed\u0259n ilk zavod Sumqay\u0131t al\u00fcminium zavodu (SAZ) olmu\u015fdur. \u018fsas tikintisin\u0259 1949-cu ild\u0259n, elektroliz sexinin tikintisin\u0259 is\u0259 1952-ci ild\u0259n ba\u015flan\u0131lan SAZ-da 1955-ci ilin mart\u0131n 8-d\u0259 ilk al\u00fcminium k\u00fcl\u00e7\u0259 istehsal\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilmi\u015fdir. 1960-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 n\u00f6vb\u0259ti korpuslar yarad\u0131ld\u0131. 1964-c\u00fc ild\u0259 elektroliz sexinin al\u00fcminium m\u0259ftil istehsal ed\u0259n \u015f\u00f6b\u0259si, 1968-ci ild\u0259 m\u0259i\u015f\u0259t soyuducular\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn buxarland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 istehsal ed\u0259n sex, 1974-c\u00fc ild\u0259 al\u00fcminium v\u0259 latundan qab-qacaq istehsal ed\u0259n sex tikilmi\u015fdir [4]. SAZ-da k\u00fcl\u00e7\u0259 formas\u0131nda m\u00fcxt\u0259lif markal\u0131 ilkin al\u00fcminium, m\u0259ftill\u0259r, silindrik formada geni\u015f \u00e7e\u015fidd\u0259 al\u00fcminium \u0259rintil\u0259ri, m\u0259i\u015f\u0259td\u0259 istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n istehlak mallar\u0131 istehsal edilmi\u015fdir. SAZ-\u0131n istehsal texnologiyas\u0131 GAZ-dan g\u0259tiril\u0259n al\u00fcminium oksid xammal\u0131 hesab\u0131na qurulur. Az\u0259rbaycanda s\u0131f\u0131rdan al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131 bu iki m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259nin f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 ba\u015f vermi\u015fdir. G\u0259nc\u0259 v\u0259 Sumqay\u0131t al\u00fcminium zavodlar\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycanda al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131, onun \u0259sas bazas\u0131n\u0131, iqtisadiyyat\u0131n\u0131, elmi platformas\u0131n\u0131, n\u0259z\u0259ri-praktik \u0259saslar\u0131n\u0131, insan resurslar\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 prosesinin n\u00fcv\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.4. Az\u0259rbaycanda m\u00fcasir <\/strong><strong>al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin qurulmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lkin \u00f6z\u0259yi G\u0259nc\u0259d\u0259 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f al\u00fcminium s\u0259naye z\u0259ncirinin inki\u015faf etdirilm\u0259si Az\u0259rbaycan d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin daima mara\u011f\u0131nda olmu\u015fdur. 2008-ci ild\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n Prezidenti \u0130lham \u018fliyevin i\u015ftirak\u0131 il\u0259 G\u0259nc\u0259d\u0259 yeni al\u00fcminium kompleksinin t\u0259m\u0259li qoyuldu. S\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 davam ed\u0259n quruculuq i\u015fl\u0259rind\u0259n sonra \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 74 hektar \u0259raziy\u0259 malik kompleksin ilkin m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259si olaraq ild\u0259 50 min ton al\u00fcminium istehsal ed\u0259c\u0259k 240 kiloamperlik 84 elektroliz t\u0259kn\u0259si qura\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 [7]. Geni\u015f istehsal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sin\u0259 malik kompleksd\u0259 al\u00fcminium k\u00fcl\u00e7\u0259 v\u0259 rulonlar\u0131n qlobal bazarlara sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir. 2014-c\u00fc ild\u0259 kompleksd\u0259 T\u0259zyiql\u0259 emal v\u0259 boyama zavodunun yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 al\u00fcminiumun yar\u0131mfabrikat m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131n istehsal\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Az\u0259ral\u00fcminium \u015firk\u0259ti istehsal etdiyi m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131n 98%-ni xaric\u0259 ixrac edir. G\u0259nc\u0259 Al\u00fcminium Kompleksind\u0259 istehsal edil\u0259n yerli brend m\u0259hsullar\u0131n \u0259sas al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 AB\u015e, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259, Rusiya v\u0259 Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ridir. Son zamanlar \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck ixrac\u0131n AB\u015e bazarlar\u0131na y\u00f6nl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n \u00f6n\u0259mli iqtisadi u\u011furlar\u0131ndand\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Az\u0259rbaycanda al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin inki\u015faf etdirilm\u0259si d\u00f6vl\u0259tin \u0259sas strategiyalar\u0131ndan biridir. Qeyri-neft sektoru \u00fczr\u0259 \u0259sas paya sahib al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin istehsal potensial\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u015fl\u0259r davam etdirilir. \u0130lk fazan\u0131n tikintisi d\u00fcnya al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131nda \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00e7\u0259kiy\u0259 malik \u00c7in \u015firk\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 yerli insan resurslar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n birg\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259rs\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tirilmi\u015fdir. S\u0259nayenin ikinci fazas\u0131na ke\u00e7id texnologiya n\u0259h\u0259ngi olan Almaniya il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259nir. 2022-ci ild\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan S\u0259naye Korporasiyas\u0131, Az\u0259ral\u00fcminium v\u0259 Almaniyan\u0131n &#8220;Achenbach Alpha GmbH&#8221; \u015firk\u0259ti aras\u0131nda imzalanm\u0131\u015f yeni m\u00fcqavil\u0259y\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, illik potensial\u0131 105 min ton olan al\u00fcminium yayma m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131n istehsal\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulur. Layih\u0259nin \u00fcmumi investisiya m\u0259bl\u0259\u011fi 451,2 milyon AB\u015e dollar\u0131, birinci m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 investisiya m\u0259bl\u0259\u011fi is\u0259 132 milyon AB\u015e dollar\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil edir [6]. Yeni layih\u0259nin h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si il\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesi daha da geni\u015fl\u0259n\u0259c\u0259k, regionda iqtisadi m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 \u0259m\u0259k bazar\u0131 canlanacaq. \u0130stehsal\u0131n artmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u201cAz\u0259ral\u00fcminium\u201d \u015firk\u0259ti \u00fczr\u0259 i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131n\u0131n 2 mini ke\u00e7m\u0259si g\u00f6zl\u0259nilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>N\u0259tic\u0259<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin d\u00fcnya v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan timsal\u0131nda iqtisadi-texnoloji tarixinin geni\u015f icmal\u0131 t\u0259dqiq edilmi\u015fdir. Al\u00fcminiumun bir metal kimi ilk istehsal\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 qlobal s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin inki\u015faf prosesl\u0259ri \u0259trafl\u0131 \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259svir edilmi\u015fdir. Eyni zamanda al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin fundamental t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl\u00fc \u00fczr\u0259 m\u00fcasir d\u00fcnya elminin \u0259sas \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u0131na uy\u011fun olaraq ya\u015f\u0131l enerji sisteml\u0259rinin qurulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti vur\u011fulanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0259dqiqat i\u015find\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesinin \u0259sas prinsipl\u0259ri ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin iqtisadiyyat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn strateji \u00f6n\u0259mi vur\u011fulanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Problemin x\u00fcsusi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti iqtisadi-sosial prinsipl\u0259r \u00fczr\u0259 g\u00fcnd\u0259m\u0259 g\u0259tirilm\u0259sinin z\u0259ruriliyidir. M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 g\u0259lin\u0259n \u0259sas q\u0259na\u0259t v\u0259 t\u0259klif bu y\u00f6nd\u0259dir ki, Az\u0259rbaycan al\u00fcminium s\u0259nayesi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn regional episentr rolunu oynay\u0131r v\u0259 bu sah\u0259nin inki\u015faf etdirilm\u0259si \u00f6lk\u0259nin qeyri-neft sektoruna ciddi t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259c\u0259kdir. M\u0259qal\u0259nin dig\u0259r \u0259sas m\u0259qs\u0259di dayan\u0131ql\u0131 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn geni\u015f vektorlara malik bu strateji s\u0259nayenin t\u0259dqiq edilm\u0259sinin elmi m\u00fchitl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 ictimai sferaya faydal\u0131 qatq\u0131 b\u0259x\u015f etm\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaqd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130ST\u0130FAD\u018f ED\u0130LM\u0130\u015e \u018fD\u018fB\u0130YYAT:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Az\u0259rbaycan dilind\u0259:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>Azeraluminium (2023a).<\/em> G\u0259nc\u0259 Gil Torpaq \u0130stehsalat Sah\u0259si. https:\/\/azeraluminium.com\/az\/f%C9%99aliyy%C9%99timiz\/istehsalat\/g%C9%99nc%C9%99-gil-torpaq-istehsalat-sah%C9%99si\/<\/li>\n<li><em>Azeraluminium (2023b).<\/em> G\u0259nc\u0259 Gil Torpaq \u0130stehsalat Sah\u0259si. https:\/\/azeraluminium.com\/az\/gil-torpaq-zavodunun-modernizasiyasi-v%C9%99-yenid%C9%99n-qurulmasi\/<\/li>\n<li><em>Az\u0259rbaycan Sovet Ensiklopediyas\u0131 (1976).<\/em> Kirovabad Al\u00fcminium Zavodu. 5-ci hiss\u0259, s\u0259h 400-401.<\/li>\n<li><em>Az\u0259rbaycan Sovet Ensiklopediyas\u0131 (1976).<\/em> Sumqay\u0131t Al\u00fcminium Zavodu. 9-cu hiss\u0259, s\u0259h 76-77.<\/li>\n<li><em>Az\u0259rbaycan Texnologiya Universiteti (2023).<\/em> Universitetin tarixi. https:\/\/uteca.edu.az\/module_4.php?id=1<\/li>\n<li><em>Economy.az (2022). <\/em>Al\u00fcminium m\u0259hsullar\u0131 istehsal\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259sinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131na dair m\u00fcqavil\u0259 imzalan\u0131b. https:\/\/economy.gov.az\/az\/post\/731\/aluminium-mehsullari-istehsali-muessisesinin-yaradilmasina-dair-muqavile-imzalanib<\/li>\n<li><em>President.az (2012). <\/em>\u0130lham \u018fliyev \u201cDET AL\u201d Al\u00fcminium MMC-nin G\u0259nc\u0259 al\u00fcminium zavodu kompleksinin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015ftirak etmi\u015fdir. https:\/\/president.az\/az\/articles\/view\/4118<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0130ngilis diind\u0259:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><em>Aluminium Leader (2015a).<\/em> The History of Aluminium, Bauxite Discovery. https:\/\/www.aluminiumleader.com\/history\/timeline\/#1821<\/li>\n<li><em>Aluminium Leader (2015b). <\/em>The History of Aluminium. Hall`s smelter. https:\/\/www.aluminiumleader.com\/history\/timeline\/#1888<\/li>\n<li><em>Aluminium Leader (2015c).<\/em> The History of Aluminium. GOELRO. https:\/\/www.aluminiumleader.com\/history\/timeline\/#1920<\/li>\n<li><em>Britannica (2022). <\/em>Aluminium, Chemical Element. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/neon- chemical-element<\/li>\n<li><em>Dana Askenazi (2019).<\/em> How aluminum changed the world: A metallurgical revolution through technological and cultural perspectives. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 143, Pages 101-113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2019.03.011<\/li>\n<li><em>Hernandez, F.C.R. et al. (2017).<\/em> Applications in the Automotive and Aerospace Industries. Al-Si Alloys pp 163\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-58380-8_7<\/li>\n<li><em> Sanya Carley (2011).<\/em> Historical analysis of U.S. electricity markets: Reassessing carbon lock-in. Energy Policy. Energy Policy, Volume 39, Issue 2, Pages 720-732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2010.10.045<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ramil Hasanaov<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>THE FORMATION OF THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY: ON THE EXAMPLE <\/strong><strong>OF THE WORLD AND AZERBAIJAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>One of the world&#8217;s great revolutionary innovations was the establishment of aluminum production. Aluminum, a commodity more valuable than gold in 19th-century European palaces, suddenly became a metal available to everyone. The reason was the discovery of mass production.<\/p>\n<p>Along with its global significance, the aluminum industry is of particular importance to Azerbaijan. Not every country on the planet has the industrial capacity to manufacture aluminum from scratch. This necessitates a large amount of energy and other resources.<\/p>\n<p>The aluminum industry is strategically important to Azerbaijan&#8217;s economy. The article discusses the key stages in the formation and development of the aluminum industry in Azerbaijan and around the world. The study&#8217;s goal is to conduct a scientific-informatics review of this industry, which has the largest share of the non-oil sector. Such research on the aluminum industry conducted in Azerbaijan will have a positive impact on the field of social research while also focusing on the existing strategic field.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Keywords: <\/strong>aluminum industry, production, economy, economic history, Azerbaijan industry, green energy<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0420\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044c \u0413\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0422\u0410\u041d\u041e\u0412\u041b\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0415 \u0410\u041b\u042e\u041c\u0418\u041d\u0418\u0415\u0412\u041e\u0419 \u041f\u0420\u041e\u041c\u042b\u0428\u041b\u0415\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0418:\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u041d\u0410 \u041f\u0420\u0418\u041c\u0415\u0420\u0415 \u041c\u0418\u0420\u0410 \u0418 \u0410\u0417\u0415\u0420\u0411\u0410\u0419\u0414\u0416\u0410\u041d\u0410<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0410\u043b\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0430\u0445 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0430\u043b\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p>\u0410\u043b\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043b\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: <\/strong>\u0430\u043b\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ramil H\u018fS\u018fNOV Az\u0259rbaycan Texnologiya Universitetinin doktorant\u0131 E-mail: r.hasanov@uteca.edu.az ORCID: 0000-0003-4267-7039 UOT: 338.2, 338.3, 332.1. \u00a0 X\u00fclas\u0259. Al\u00fcminium istehsal\u0131n\u0131n formala\u015fmas\u0131 d\u00fcnyadak\u0131 b\u00f6y\u00fck inqilabi yenilikl\u0259rd\u0259n idi. XIX \u0259sr Avropa saraylar\u0131nda q\u0131z\u0131ldan daha d\u0259y\u0259rli \u0259mt\u0259\u0259 kimi x\u00fcsusi qonaqlara t\u0259qdim edil\u0259n al\u00fcminium bir anda h\u0259r k\u0259sin \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi metala \u00e7evrildi. S\u0259b\u0259b is\u0259 onun k\u00fctl\u0259vi istehsal\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259\u015ff edilm\u0259si idi. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":901,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-952","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cild-1--1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/952","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=952"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/952\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":953,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/952\/revisions\/953"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/901"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=952"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=952"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/socialresearchjournal.az\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=952"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}